Quantum Kolmogorov--Arnold representation theorem for continuous unitary-valued maps
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Abstract (arXiv)
The classical Kolmogorov--Arnold representation theorem states that any continuous multivariate function can be exactly decomposed into a finite composition of univariate continuous functions and addition operations. This foundational result has recently inspired the development of Kolmogorov--Arnold Networks (KANs) in classical machine learning, as well as their extensions into the quantum domain (QKANs). In this paper, we establish two quantum analogues of the Kolmogorov--Arnold representation theorem for continuous unitary-valued maps of several variables within an open 1-neighbourhood of the identity matrix (O1(I) subset U(n)). First, we prove a representation theorem that yields an exact additive decomposition inside the matrix exponent of anti-Hermitian-valued maps. Second, due to the non-commutative nature of quantum operators, we derive a factorised version expressing the target unitary map as a finite sequential product of univariate matrix exponentials. Finally, we provide a concrete topological counterexample based on the lifting property of (SU(2)) to demonstrate that these local representation theorems cannot be globally extended to the entire unitary group (U(n)) without encountering fundamental structural obstructions.
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References · 11
- 2024KAN: Kolmogorov-Arnold Networkscited by 649
- 2021Modern Koopman Theory for Dynamical Systemscited by 276
- 2024KAN 2.0: Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks Meet Sciencecited by 118
- 2020The Kolmogorov-Arnold representation theorem revisitedcited by 89
- 2024Convolutional Kolmogorov-Arnold Networkscited by 77
- 2025Quantum Variational Activation Functions Empower Kolmogorov-Arnold Networkscited by 10
- 2024Addressing common misinterpretations of KART and UAT in neural network literaturecited by 9
- 2025Physics-informed time series analysis with Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks under Ehrenfest constraintscited by 5
- 2025Kolmogorov--Arnold stabilitycited by 3
- 2025QuKAN: A Quantum Circuit Born Machine approach to Quantum Kolmogorov Arnold Networkscited by 3
- 2025Probing Quantum Spin Systems with Kolmogorov-Arnold Neural Network Quantum Statescited by 1
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