GSRQ: Gain-Shape Residual Quantization for Sub-1-bit KV Cache

The deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs) with extended context windows is increasingly constrained by the linear growth of Key-Value (KV) cache memory. Vector Quantization (VQ), particularly Residual Quantization (RQ), is a promising approach for pushing KV cache storage toward the sub-1-bit regime by progressively encoding residuals with small codebooks. However, most VQ methods still rely on standard ℓ2 K-means as the core codebook-learning primitive. We identify a subtle high-dimensional issue of this primitive: Euclidean centroid averaging can induce centroid shrinkage, which weakens the angular alignment term in the ℓ2 distortion and makes directional preservation harder. To address this issue, we propose Gain-Shape K-means (GSKM), a drop-in replacement for K-means that improves directional fidelity while matching, and in some regimes improving, ℓ2 distortion. We then build Gain-Shape Residual Quantization (GSRQ) by incorporating a weighted extension of GSKM into an RQ pipeline. On LLaMA-3-8B, GSRQ substantially improves over strong KV cache quantization baselines across bit rates. At 1-bit, it improves the average accuracy across LongBench tasks from 11.34 to 33.54, a gain of 22.20 percentage points over VQLLM.