The Digital Afterlife of Empires: Four Language Models Converge on the Same Imperial Cartography of Writing
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Abstract (arXiv)
Large language models process the world's writing systems with radical inequality. We constructed the Digital Script Representation Index (DSRI), a seven-axis measure of digital support, and applied it to the 300 writing systems of the Global Script Database (Fukui, 2026). Only 29 scripts (9.7%) are fully supported by contemporary digital infrastructure; among 158 living scripts, 60 (38.0%) lack complete support. Tokenizer efficiency varies by a factor of 31.7 across 45 scripts measured with parallel text. A serial mediation model -- imperial intervention to speaker population to web corpus to tokenizer efficiency -- is consistent with full mediation, with the direct effect of empire indistinguishable from zero (beta = -0.22, p = 0.39) and structural equation model fit indices indistinguishable from saturation at n = 45; the bias-corrected bootstrap CI grazes zero, and we treat the mediation as suggestive rather than confirmatory. Across four independent LLM families (Claude, GPT-4o, Grok, DeepSeek; 12,000 API calls), base-rate-deviation error patterns converge at Spearman rho = 0.85-0.98 (all p < 0.002). 172 script-feature items are answered identically wrong by all four models; over-attribution outnumbers under-recognition 3.9:1, and "used for religion" alone concentrates 43.6% of convergent errors (enrichment 4.1x). With religion excluded as a sensitivity check, the cross-architecture convergence is preserved (mean rho = 0.87 on nine features) and the over-attribution asymmetry persists at 1.77:1 (n = 97, binomial p = 0.008), indicating multi-channeled rather than single-channeled bias. The findings are consistent with an interpretation in which the structural inequalities historical empires inflicted on script communities persist in contemporary language models through the shared training corpus rather than through any individual model's design choices.
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References · 6
- 2015Neural Machine Translation of Rare Words with Subword Unitscited by 2,918
- 2022No Language Left Behind: Scaling Human-Centered Machine Translationcited by 1,312
- 2020How Good is Your Tokenizer? On the Monolingual Performance of Multilingual Language Modelscited by 318
- 2023Language Model Tokenizers Introduce Unfairness Between Languagescited by 214
- 2023Do All Languages Cost the Same? Tokenization in the Era of Commercial Language Modelscited by 192
- 2026A molecular clock for writing systems reveals the quantitative impact of imperial power on cultural evolutioncited by 1
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