Real-Time Voice AI Hears but Does Not Listen
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Abstract (arXiv)
Speech conveys information through both words and vocal delivery. We evaluate four leading production realtime voice systems-OpenAI's GPT Realtime 2, Google's Gemini 3.1 Flash Live, and Alibaba's Qwen3.5 Omni Plus and Omni Flash-on tasks where the words and the delivery patterns both convey meaningful information. Across three consequential scenarios, all four systems act on the words rather than the voice. They end calls with crying callers who insist nothing is wrong, approve wire transfers authorized in frightened voices, and enroll callers whose agreement is clearly sarcastic. Surprisingly, this is often not a failure of perception. When asked directly, three of the four systems reliably identify the distress, fear, or sarcasm they later ignore when making decisions. We observe a similar pattern when these realtime voice systems estimate accent and age, as their responses frequently follow the biases of the words rather than the acoustic properties of the speaker. We term this disconnect between perception and action the emotional intelligence gap of voice AI. Prompting systems to explicitly attend to vocal delivery improves performance only partially and inconsistently. Our findings show that current realtime voice AI systems often behave as if speech had been reduced to a transcript, suggesting that they should be used with caution in settings where the tone and emotion of delivery convey important information.
Key facts. Cited by 1 paper in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 7 of its 16 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 24 Jun 2026.
Builds on
7 of 16 references.
References · 7
- 2025LLaMA-Omni2: LLM-based Real-time Spoken Chatbot with Autoregressive Streaming Speech Synthesiscited by 75
- 2024OmniFlatten: An End-to-end GPT Model for Seamless Voice Conversationcited by 57
- 2025Do Audio LLMs Really LISTEN, or Just Transcribe? Measuring Lexical vs. Acoustic Emotion Cues Reliancecited by 23
- 2024Just ASR + LLM? A Study on Speech Large Language Models' Ability to Identify and Understand Speaker in Spoken Dialoguecited by 16
- 2026Do Audio LLMs Listen or Read? Analyzing and Mitigating Paralinguistic Failures with VoxParadoxcited by 7
- 2021It's not what you said, it's how you said it: discriminative perception of speech as a multichannel communication systemcited by 6
- 2025Evaluating Emotion Recognition in Spoken Language Models on Emotionally Incongruent Speechcited by 5
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Citing papers per year: 2026: 1.
1 paper.