Physics-Informed Neural Networks for Computing the Morse Index of the Critical Catenoid

The Morse index of a free boundary minimal surface is encoded in its Jacobi-Steklov spectrum, and we test how faithfully a physics-informed neural network (PINN) reproduces that spectrum on a problem whose answer is already known in closed form. The benchmark is the critical catenoid in the unit ball mathbbB3, where it is well known that the Morse index equals 4 and the nullity equals 2. Separating the angular variable reduces the eigenvalue problem to a family of one-dimensional Robin problems on [-T,T], one for each Fourier mode. A network that enforces the parity of each mode by construction, and carries the eigenvalue as a trainable parameter, returns the three eigenvalues below the stability threshold to within 10-6 to 10-4 of their exact values, with PDE residuals of order 10-4; assembling them recovers the index 4 and the nullity 2. We then track the spectrum along a one-parameter homotopy joining a flat reference operator to the catenoid Jacobi operator and identify the crossings at which the index changes. Since the critical catenoid is rigid, a fact we prove, this homotopy deforms operators rather than surfaces. We close by explaining how the same pipeline, with its one-dimensional solver replaced by a two-dimensional one, is poised to address genuinely geometric families in ellipsoidal balls, where the boundary curvature is no longer constant, and the Morse index is not yet known.