NGram-MoSE: Efficient Remote Sensing Super-Resolution via N-Gram Context and Mixture-of-Experts

Remote sensing applications for environmental monitoring and disaster management are frequently constrained by a spatial--temporal trade-off: imagery with fine spatial detail is often acquired less frequently, whereas more temporally available observations are typically coarser. Single-image super-resolution provides a practical means to enhance coarse imagery without changing acquisition schedules, yet many Transformer-based SR models remain computationally expensive and can be sensitive to limited or geographically biased training data, which degrades robustness under out-of-distribution conditions. This paper presents NGram-MoSE, a lightweight Transformer architecture designed to improve both efficiency and texture continuity. NGram-MoSE introduces N-Gram Context Injection to strengthen cross-window local consistency and mitigate window-boundary artifacts, and incorporates a Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) feed-forward design to scale capacity through sparse activation without proportional growth in inference cost. Experiments on a geographically disjoint OOD test set show that NGram-MoSE achieves 31.68,dB PSNR while reducing FLOPs by (14×) relative to a heavyweight Transformer reference. Downstream evaluation on a landslide segmentation benchmark further demonstrates that restoring degraded inputs to the detector training scale improves performance, yielding a 4.47% absolute gain in mAP@50 over bicubic upsampling, and exhibits stronger cross-scale consistency under scale extrapolation. These results indicate that NGram-MoSE provides an effective SR module for resource-constrained remote sensing pipelines requiring robust generalization.