A New Angle on Bones: Robust Pose Estimation in X-Ray and Ultrasound

Measuring the angle between bone structures is a routine task in medical image analysis and provides a key quantitative parameter for diagnosis and treatment planning. Automated methods can reduce time and cost while improving reproducibility. In this work, we address automatic bone pose estimation using a learning-based point candidate proposal followed by a line model to extract axis parameters. Since conventional line models such as least squares are sensitive to outliers, we incorporate false-positive reduction strategies and robust fitting techniques, such as RANSAC and Hough transforms, to improve robustness. We evaluate our method on three clinically relevant paediatric angle estimation tasks: fracture fragment assessment in radiographs and ultrasound and developmental dysplasia of the hip evaluation in ultrasound using the Graf method. Our approach achieves mean errors of 4.1^circ, 5.4^circ, and 5.51^circ, respectively, not only remaining within the expected clinical observer variability, but also significantly outperforming landmark-based methods. Our code and annotations for fracture angle assessment in radiographs are publicly available on GitHub.