Admittance Sensitivity-Informed Modular GP for Scalable Topology-Adaptive Power-Flow Learning

Data-driven approaches for learning power flow models suffer from weak generalization across varying network topologies and limited computational scalability. Existing methods typically rely on training over a large set of grid topologies, which becomes impractical for large networks. This paper proposes a scalable and computationally efficient framework for topology-adaptive learning of power flow solutions. We propose a modular architecture consisting of bus-level Gaussian Process (GP) models, where each GP collects local features based on bus-level textitegonet definition. The localized bus-level feature includes first-order power and admittance sensitivities, nodal injections and node degree. In addition to the modular architecture, we propose using Random Fourier Features (RFF) for feature reduction, which further enhances the computational scalability. We evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method by simulations across multiple benchmark networks under N-1, N-2, and N-3 contingencies. Results for the PEGASE 1354 bus system under N-3 contingencies demonstrate high predictive quality, with an R2 score of 0.983 and a voltage-magnitude RMSE of 0.0023 p.u. The framework maintains recall rates exceeding 98% for detecting voltage limit violations across all test cases. Furthermore, the approach exhibits scalability, completing training and testing for the PEGASE 1354 system in 116.47 seconds while outperforming existing benchmarks in zero-shot generalization without requiring additional training samples.