Non-normal spectral signatures of instability in neural network training dynamics

Training instabilities in deep networks - loss spikes, oscillatory convergence, and gradient pathologies - are empirically prevalent but lack a rigorous operator-theoretic explanation. We show that the linearized update operators for practically used optimizers are generically non-normal: for Adam, non-normality is controlled by the commutator [H, M] between the Hessian and the diagonal adaptive preconditioner, while for SGD with momentum it arises from the augmented state-space structure of the update map. Applying non-normal stability theory to these operators, we derive a conservative pseudospectral precursor bound in which kappa(V) serves as an early-warning indicator of transient amplification even when the spectral radius remains below one, and we establish that exceptional points of the update operator appear as the kappa(V) -> ∞ limiting case of this framework. Numerical experiments on two-layer networks confirm that the spectral radius ρ(J) provides no separation between stable and unstable training phases while kappa(V) separates them by approximately one order of magnitude, complementing the classical sharpness criterion with a continuous severity measure of non-normal amplification. These results establish non-Hermitian operator theory as a useful and underexplored framework for neural network optimization stability, offering a diagnostic language and proof-of-concept benchmark for understanding adaptive optimization stability.