HyDAR-Pano3D: A Hybrid Disentangled Anatomical Recovery Framework for Panoramic-to-3D Reconstruction

Panoramic radiograph (PR) is fundamentally used in routine dental care, but it inherently provides only a two-dimensional (2D) projection of complex three-dimensional (3D) craniofacial anatomy. Most existing learning-based methods attempt to computationally recover this 3D information by directly regressing native cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) volumes from PR. However, this direct mapping requires the model to simultaneously learn common anatomical structures and patient-specific morphological variations. This entangled formulation makes the ill-posed 2D-to-3D inverse problem highly ambiguous, often producing over-smoothed reconstructions with blurred anatomical boundaries. To address this, we propose HyDAR-Pano3D, a two-stage framework that reformulates PR-to-CBCT reconstruction as a disentangled anatomical recovery problem. In Stage 1, a dual-encoder network integrates radiographic features with SAM-derived semantic priors to reconstruct an arch-normalized canonical volume. In Stage 2, an Anatomical Restoration Network predicts a prior-constrained structured deformation field to map this canonical volume back to the native space, restoring individual morphological variations. Experiments on three large-scale datasets show that HyDAR-Pano3D significantly outperforms baseline methods (p < 0.05), achieving a 25.76 dB PSNR, 85.70% SSIM, and an 83.83% overall anatomical Dice score. The synthesized volumes successfully support downstream segmentation of whole teeth (82.4% Dice) and the inferior alveolar canal (72.2% Dice), demonstrating that our disentangled approach preserves clinically relevant structures to enable robust anatomy-aware assessment when CBCT data is unavailable.