mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Refusal Evaluation in Coding LLMs and Code Agents: A Systematic Review of Thirteen Malicious-Code Prompt Corpora (2023-2025)

arXiv 2605.20351 ↗First posted 19 May 2026cs.CRcited by 1

On the map: LLM agents and tool use → Agent threats, guardrails and governance

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Abstract (arXiv)

The evaluation of large language model refusal on malicious-coding tasks now spans at least thirteen publicly released prompt corpora (AdvBench, the CyberSecEval family, RMCBench, RedCode, MCGMark, JailbreakBench, CySecBench, MalwareBench, CIRCLE, MOCHA, ASTRA, Scam2Prompt / Innoc2Scam-bench, and JAWS-Bench), each constructed under a different protocol, released under different licensing terms, and validated (or not) against different inter-rater reliability standards. Existing surveys treat code security, jailbreak taxonomy, or vulnerability detection as the central object and mention these corpora only in passing. This paper reverses that framing: it treats the prompt datasets themselves as the unit of analysis. Following a PRISMA-style protocol, we specify a search strategy, screen the recent literature on coding-LLM refusal evaluation, apply a uniform extraction template to each in-scope corpus, and synthesize the resulting catalogue along construction methodology, prompt-construction taxonomy (modality, turn structure, elicitation style), reproducibility and licensing, and malware-category coverage. The synthesis surfaces three recurring methodological gaps: the absence of human-annotator baselines against which LLM-judge labels can be calibrated, the absence of cross-corpus comparability with refusal-rate statistics measuring non-equivalent constructs, and the fragmentation of malware-category taxonomies, with no canonical schema spanning the thirteen in-scope corpora. The review concludes with proposed methodological directions for next-generation corpora, including pre-registration of inclusion criteria, vendor-diverse multi-judge validation, Fleiss' kappa with bootstrap CI as the reliability baseline, and a candidate canonical taxonomy.

Key facts. Cited by 1 paper in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Agent threats, guardrails and governance, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use. Builds on 40 of its 47 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 19 May 2026.

Builds on

40 of 47 references.

Closest ancestors · 8

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2026CIBER: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Security Evaluation of Code Interpreter Agents23 Feb
  2. 2025A Survey on Agentic Security: Applications, Threats and Defenses7 Oct
  3. 2025Breaking the Code: Security Assessment of AI Code Agents Through Systematic Jailbreaking Attacks1 Oct
  4. 2025SecureVibeBench: Benchmarking Secure Vibe Coding of AI Agents via Reconstructing Vulnerability-Introducing Scenarios26 Sep
  5. 2025SEC-bench: Automated Benchmarking of LLM Agents on Real-World Software Security Tasks13 Jun
  6. 2025SecRepoBench: Benchmarking Code Agents for Secure Code Completion in Real-World Repositories29 Apr
  7. 2024RedCode: Risky Code Execution and Generation Benchmark for Code Agents12 Nov
  8. 2024AgentHarm: A Benchmark for Measuring Harmfulness of LLM Agents11 Oct

Other references · 32

  1. 2023Universal and Transferable Adversarial Attacks on Aligned Language Modelscited by 2,914
  2. 2023Jailbroken: How Does LLM Safety Training Fail?cited by 1,565
  3. 2024A Survey on LLM-as-a-Judgecited by 1,384
  4. 2024HarmBench: A Standardized Evaluation Framework for Automated Red Teaming and Robust Refusalcited by 1,330
  5. 2023BeaverTails: Towards Improved Safety Alignment of LLM via a Human-Preference Datasetcited by 828
  6. 2024A Survey on Large Language Models for Code Generationcited by 646
  7. 2024JailbreakBench: An Open Robustness Benchmark for Jailbreaking Large Language Modelscited by 494
  8. 2024The WMDP Benchmark: Measuring and Reducing Malicious Use With Unlearningcited by 488
  9. 2024WildGuard: Open One-Stop Moderation Tools for Safety Risks, Jailbreaks, and Refusals of LLMscited by 460
  10. 2024Replacing Judges with Juries: Evaluating LLM Generations with a Panel of Diverse Modelscited by 301
  11. 2023Purple Llama CyberSecEval: A Secure Coding Benchmark for Language Modelscited by 130
  12. 2024CyberSecEval 2: A Wide-Ranging Cybersecurity Evaluation Suite for Large Language Modelscited by 84
20 more
  1. 2023Ignore This Title and HackAPrompt: Exposing Systemic Vulnerabilities of LLMs through a Global Scale Prompt Hacking Competitioncited by 65
  2. 2024SG-Bench: Evaluating LLM Safety Generalization Across Diverse Tasks and Prompt Typescited by 58
  3. 2024CYBERSECEVAL 3: Advancing the Evaluation of Cybersecurity Risks and Capabilities in Large Language Modelscited by 56
  4. 2025LLMs in Software Security: A Survey of Vulnerability Detection Techniques and Insightscited by 44
  5. 2023Demystifying RCE Vulnerabilities in LLM-Integrated Appscited by 35
  6. 2024RMCBench: Benchmarking Large Language Models' Resistance to Malicious Codecited by 27
  7. 2024Toward Secure Code Generation: Bridging Correctness and Security via Task-Adaptive Vulnerability Modeling and Execution-Based Benchmarkingcited by 26
  8. 2024ProSec: Fortifying Code LLMs with Proactive Security Alignmentcited by 24
  9. 2024h4rm3l: A language for Composable Jailbreak Attack Synthesiscited by 23
  10. 2024Annotation alignment: Comparing LLM and human annotations of conversational safetycited by 22
  11. 2026RealSec-bench: A Benchmark for Evaluating Secure Code Generation in Real-World Repositoriescited by 13
  12. 2025CySecBench: Generative AI-based CyberSecurity-focused Prompt Dataset for Benchmarking Large Language Modelscited by 10
  13. 2024From Vulnerabilities to Remediation: A Systematic Literature Review of LLMs in Code Securitycited by 9
  14. 2025LLMs Caught in the Crossfire: Malware Requests and Jailbreak Challengescited by 9
  15. 2025ASTRA: Autonomous Spatial-Temporal Red-teaming for AI Software Assistantscited by 6
  16. 2025MOCHA: Are Code Language Models Robust Against Multi-Turn Malicious Coding Prompts?cited by 5
  17. 2025Running in CIRCLE? A Simple Benchmark for LLM Code Interpreter Securitycited by 2
  18. 2025Scam2Prompt: A Scalable Framework for Auditing Malicious Scam Endpoints in Production LLMscited by 2
  19. 2026A Validated Prompt Bank for Malicious Code Generation: Separating Executable Weapons from Security Knowledge in 1,554 Consensus-Labeled Promptscited by 2
  20. 2024MCGMark: An Encodable and Robust Online Watermark for Tracing LLM-Generated Malicious Codecited by 1

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2026: 1.

1 paper.

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Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2024SORRY-Bench: Systematically Evaluating Large Language Model Safety Refusal
  2. 2024Automatic Pseudo-Harmful Prompt Generation for Evaluating False Refusals in Large Language Models
  3. 2024OR-Bench: An Over-Refusal Benchmark for Large Language Models
  4. 2026Beyond Refusal: A Same-Lineage Study of Aligned and Abliterated LLMs for Vulnerability Analysis
  5. 2026Minionese: Comprehensive Benchmark and Mechanistic Study of Multilingual LLM Safety
  6. 2026Refused in Chat, Written in Code: Workflow-Level Jailbreak Construction in IDE Coding Agents
  7. 2026Analysis of LLMs Against Prompt Injection and Jailbreak Attacks
  8. 2025Is Your Prompt Poisoning Code? Defect Induction Rates and Security Mitigation Strategies