Bridge: Retrieval-Augmented Spatiotemporal Modeling for Urban Delivery Demand
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Abstract (arXiv)
Forecasting urban delivery demand becomes substantially more challenging when newly added service regions lack historical records. Existing spatiotemporal forecasters effectively model spatial dependence once sufficient node histories are available. Still, they remain parametric and therefore struggle to recover short-term operational dynamics in cold-start regions. Geospatial embeddings help identify where a region is and what function it serves, yet they do not directly reveal how a similar region behaves under a comparable temporal context. We propose Bridge, a retrieval-augmented spatiotemporal graph framework that combines an inductive contextual graph backbone with a time-aware memory of region-time windows. For each target region, Bridge retrieves future demand patterns from the memory using both regional context and recent dynamics, and refines the backbone forecast through a gated fusion mechanism. To align retrieval with forecasting utility, we further train the retriever with a future-aware objective that favors entries whose future trajectories best match the target. Experiments on four real-world delivery datasets show that Bridge consistently improves over competitive spatiotemporal baselines in both within-city cold-start and cross-city transfer with partial observations. The results show that retrieval augmentation provides a useful operational memory for cold-start urban demand forecasting when parametric graph generalization alone is insufficient.
Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 15 of its 22 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 18 May 2026.
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References · 15
- 2016Semi-Supervised Classification with Graph Convolutional Networkscited by 11,282
- 2020Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP Taskscited by 9,160
- 2017Spatio-Temporal Graph Convolutional Networks: A Deep Learning Framework for Traffic Forecastingcited by 1,125
- 2019Graph WaveNet for Deep Spatial-Temporal Graph Modelingcited by 820
- 2023Language Models Represent Space and Timecited by 306
- 2021Filling the G_ap_s: Multivariate Time Series Imputation by Graph Neural Networkscited by 93
- 2020Inductive Graph Neural Networks for Spatiotemporal Krigingcited by 90
- 2023GeoLLM: Extracting Geospatial Knowledge from Large Language Modelscited by 62
- 2022Domain Adversarial Spatial-Temporal Network: A Transferable Framework for Short-term Traffic Forecasting across Citiescited by 38
- 2021Spatial Aggregation and Temporal Convolution Networks for Real-time Krigingcited by 27
- 2023Graph Deep Learning for Time Series Forecastingcited by 26
- 2024Geolocation Representation from Large Language Models are Generic Enhancers for Spatio-Temporal Learningcited by 15
3 more
- 2023LaDe: The First Comprehensive Last-mile Delivery Dataset from Industrycited by 10
- 2024Joint Estimation and Prediction of City-wide Delivery Demand: A Large Language Model Empowered Graph-based Learning Approachcited by 6
- 2023A Survey on Service Route and Time Prediction in Instant Delivery: Taxonomy, Progress, and Prospectscited by 5
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