Merlin: Deterministic Byte-Exact Deduplication for Lossless Context Optimization in Large Language Model Inference
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Abstract (arXiv)
Data-intensive applications, ranging from large-scale retrieval systems to advanced data pipelines, are increasingly bottlenecked by the processing of highly redundant text corpora. We present Merlin, a local-first, agnostic, high-throughput deduplication and context optimization engine designed to mitigate these inefficiencies. Utilizing a highly optimized, SIMD-friendly open-addressing flat hash set combined with xxHash3-64, Merlin performs rapid, byte-exact deduplication of text passages and data chunks. While broadly applicable to any text-processing workflow, its impact is particularly pronounced in Large Language Model (LLM) ecosystems, such as Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG). Our empirical evaluations demonstrate an input reduction ranging from 13.9% in low-redundancy datasets to over 71% in high-redundancy pipelines, maintaining absolute data fidelity. Furthermore, we detail the system's integration architecture via the Model Context Protocol (MCP), enabling secure, zero-network-interception deployment across major IDEs and autonomous agents. This paper outlines the core algorithmic design, performance benchmarks, and the architectural principles required to process data at sustained speeds of up to 8.7 GB/s.
Key facts. Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 14 of its 23 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 11 May 2026.
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14 of 23 references.
References · 14
- 2022Quantifying Memorization Across Neural Language Modelscited by 763
- 2023Scalable Extraction of Training Data from (Production) Language Modelscited by 434
- 2023SemDeDup: Data-efficient learning at web-scale through semantic deduplicationcited by 303
- 2023D4: Improving LLM Pretraining via Document De-Duplication and Diversificationcited by 150
- 2026Extracting books from production language modelscited by 17
- 2024SoftDedup: an Efficient Data Reweighting Method for Speeding Up Language Model Pre-trainingcited by 12
- 2024The Mosaic Memory of Large Language Modelscited by 10
- 2025REFRAG: Rethinking RAG based Decodingcited by 9
- 2026Prompt Compression in the Wild: Measuring Latency, Rate Adherence, and Quality for Faster LLM Inferencecited by 9
- 2024LSHBloom: Memory-efficient, Extreme-scale Document Deduplicationcited by 5
- 2025ZipLLM: Efficient LLM Storage via Model-Aware Synergistic Data Deduplication and Compressioncited by 5
- 2026Rethinking Soft Compression in Retrieval-Augmented Generation: A Query-Conditioned Selector Perspectivecited by 4
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Citing papers per year: 2026: 2.
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- 2026Byte-Exact Deduplication in Retrieval-Augmented Generation: A Three-Regime Empirical Analysis Across Public Benchmarks
- 2026FOLD: Fuzzy Online Deduplication for Very Large Evolving Datasets via Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search
- 2025Efficient Distributed Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Enhancing Language Model Performance
- 2025KV Pareto: Systems-Level Optimization of KV Cache and Model Compression for Long Context Inference
- 2026C2KV: Compressed and Composable KV Cache Reuse for Efficient LLM Inference
- 2025RAPID: Long-Context Inference with Retrieval-Augmented Speculative Decoding
- 2025SPAP: Structured Pruning via Alternating Optimization and Penalty Methods
- 2025Systematic Evaluation of Optimization Techniques for Long-Context Language Models