mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Relational Preference Encoding in Looped Transformer Internal States

arXiv 2604.09870 ↗First posted 10 Apr 2026cs.LG cs.AIcited by 2

On the map: LLM alignment / RLHF / preference optimisation → Reward modeling and RLHF

Abstract (arXiv)

We investigate how looped transformers encode human preference, training lightweight evaluator heads on frozen Ouro-2.6B loop-iteration states on Anthropic HH-RLHF. v2: an erratum is prepended; the original manuscript is unchanged. A post-publication audit found the three headline results inflated by two independent evaluation errors. The 95.2% pairwise evaluator accuracy is a canonical-ordering artifact: the data were correctly split, but the evaluator learned to prefer the first-presented argument; its strict antisymmetrized accuracy on the full 8,552-pair test set is 63.9%. The 84.5% pairwise probe and the below-chance 21.75% pointwise probe were source-item leaks (orientation rows and pair partners crossing the train/test split); corrected pair-disjoint values are 56.5% and 54.2% -- above chance, so the "inverted polarity" finding is withdrawn. The central finding survives at much smaller magnitude: preference is decoded more accurately relationally than pointwise (paired +2.3 points, 95% CI [+1.3, +3.3]), and the antisymmetrized evaluator still beats the linear probe, but no corrected readout rivals end-to-end reward models. The methodological findings stand (constant-output degeneracy, flip test, swap-protocol metric deflation), with one correction: antisymmetrized accuracy, not antisymmetry correlation, certifies relational discrimination. The two errors are mutually invisible -- a split audit cannot see an ordering prior, antisymmetrization cannot see a leak -- so both checks are required. Full audit in the follow-up work (Kirin, 2026, in preparation).

Key facts. Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Reward modeling and RLHF, one of 10 directions in LLM alignment / RLHF / preference optimisation. Builds on 5 of its 12 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 10 Apr 2026.

Builds on

5 of 12 references.

Closest ancestors · 1

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2022Training a Helpful and Harmless Assistant with Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback12 Apr

Other references · 4

  1. 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,971
  2. 2019Deep Equilibrium Modelscited by 615
  3. 2016Adaptive Computation Time for Recurrent Neural Networkscited by 506
  4. 2026Emotion Concepts and their Function in a Large Language Modelcited by 57

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2026: 2.

2 papers.

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2026Beyond the Training Horizon: Mechanisms and Limits of Length Generalization in Looped Transformers
  2. 2025Inverse-Free Wilson Loops for Transformers: A Practical Diagnostic for Invariance and Order Sensitivity
  3. 2025Learning a Canonical Basis of Human Preferences from Binary Ratings
  4. 2026Training-Free Looped Transformers
  5. 2026Quantizing Looped Transformers: Feedback Exposure and Calibration Blindness
  6. 2026Symmetry Breaking in Transformers for Efficient and Interpretable Training
  7. 2026How Transformers Reject Wrong Answers: Rotational Dynamics of Factual Constraint Processing
  8. 2026Geometric Factual Recall in Transformers