Squeeze Evolve: Unified Multi-Model Orchestration for Verifier-Free Evolution
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Abstract (arXiv)
We show that verifier-free evolution is bottlenecked by both diversity and efficiency: without external correction, repeated evolution accelerates collapse toward narrow modes, while the uniform use of a high-cost model wastes compute and quickly becomes economically impractical. We introduce Squeeze Evolve, a unified multi-model orchestration framework for verifier-free evolutionary inference. Our approach is guided by a simple principle: allocate model capability where it has the highest marginal utility. Stronger models are reserved for high-impact stages, while cheaper models handle the other stages at much lower costs. This principle addresses diversity and cost-efficiency jointly while remaining lightweight. Squeeze Evolve naturally supports open-source, closed-source, and mixed-model deployments. Across AIME 2025, HMMT 2025, LiveCodeBench V6, GPQA-Diamond, ARC-AGI-V2, and multimodal vision benchmarks, such as MMMU-Pro and BabyVision, Squeeze Evolve consistently improves the cost-capability frontier over single-model evolution and achieves new state-of-the-art results on several tasks. Empirically, Squeeze Evolve reduces API cost by up to ~3× and increases fixed-budget serving throughput by up to ~10×. Moreover, on discovery tasks, Squeeze Evolve is the first verifier-free evolutionary method to match, and in some cases exceed, the performance of verifier-based evolutionary methods.
Key facts. Cited by 6 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 19 of its 40 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 9 Apr 2026.
Builds on
19 of 40 references.
References · 19
- 2021Training Verifiers to Solve Math Word Problemscited by 9,743
- 2025DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learningcited by 6,146
- 2023Efficient Memory Management for Large Language Model Serving with PagedAttentioncited by 5,767
- 2022Self-Consistency Improves Chain of Thought Reasoning in Language Modelscited by 5,601
- 2023Tree of Thoughts: Deliberate Problem Solving with Large Language Modelscited by 3,155
- 2023GPQA: A Graduate-Level Google-Proof Q&A Benchmarkcited by 2,748
- 2024Scaling LLM Test-Time Compute Optimally can be More Effective than Scaling Model Parameterscited by 1,928
- 2025s1: Simple test-time scalingcited by 1,311
- 2024Large Language Monkeys: Scaling Inference Compute with Repeated Samplingcited by 946
- 2024Generative Verifiers: Reward Modeling as Next-Token Predictioncited by 465
- 2024Mixture-of-Agents Enhances Large Language Model Capabilitiescited by 420
- 2025ARC-AGI-2: A New Challenge for Frontier AI Reasoning Systemscited by 171
7 more
- 2024Accessing GPT-4 level Mathematical Olympiad Solutions via Monte Carlo Tree Self-refine with LLaMa-3 8Bcited by 156
- 2025Scaling Test-Time Compute Without Verification or RL is Suboptimalcited by 82
- 2024Smaller, Weaker, Yet Better: Training LLM Reasoners via Compute-Optimal Samplingcited by 60
- 2025LLMs Can Generate a Better Answer by Aggregating Their Own Responsescited by 27
- 2025When Does Verification Pay Off? A Closer Look at LLMs as Solution Verifierscited by 11
- 2025C3PO: Optimized Large Language Model Cascades with Probabilistic Cost Constraints for Reasoningcited by 8
- 2025Arbitrage: Efficient Reasoning via Advantage-Aware Speculationcited by 2
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Citing papers per year: 2026: 6.
6 papers.
- 2026Recursive Multi-Agent Systemscited by 10
- 2026Decentralized Multi-Agent Systems with Shared Contextcited by 7
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- 2026OpenDeepThink: Parallel Reasoning via Bradley-Terry Aggregationcited by 3
- 2026Initialization Improves LLM-Driven Discoverycited by 0
- 2026Recursive Self-Improvement through Multi-Agent Self-Supervisioncited by 0
- 2026Recursive Self-Improvement through Multi-Agent Self-Supervision8 Oct 2026
- 2026Initialization Improves LLM-Driven Discovery30 Sep 2026
- 2026Decentralized Multi-Agent Systems with Shared Context9 Jun 2026
- 2026OpenDeepThink: Parallel Reasoning via Bradley-Terry Aggregation14 May 2026
- 2026FrontierSmith: Synthesizing Open-Ended Coding Problems at Scale14 May 2026
- 2026Recursive Multi-Agent Systems28 Apr 2026