mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Knowledge Access Beats Model Size: Memory Augmented Routing for Persistent AI Agents

arXiv 2603.23013 ↗First posted 24 Mar 2026cs.CLcited by 0

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Abstract (arXiv)

Production AI agents frequently receive user-specific queries that are highly repetitive, with up to 47% being semantically similar to prior interactions, yet each query is typically processed with the same computational cost. We argue that this redundancy can be exploited through conversational memory, transforming repetition from a cost burden into an efficiency advantage. We propose a memory-augmented inference framework in which a lightweight 8B-parameter model leverages retrieved conversational context to answer all queries via a low-cost inference path. Without any additional training or labeled data, this approach achieves 30.5% F1, recovering 69% of the performance of a full-context 235B model while reducing effective cost by 96%. Notably, a 235B model without memory (13.7% F1) underperforms even the standalone 8B model (15.4% F1), indicating that for user-specific queries, access to relevant knowledge outweighs model scale. We further analyze the role of routing and confidence. At practical confidence thresholds, routing alone already directs 96% of queries to the small model, but yields poor accuracy (13.0% F1) due to confident hallucinations. Memory does not substantially alter routing decisions; instead, it improves correctness by grounding responses in retrieved user-specific information. As conversational memory accumulates over time, coverage of recurring topics increases, further narrowing the performance gap. We evaluate on 152 LoCoMo questions (Qwen3-8B/235B) and 500 LongMemEval questions. Incorporating hybrid retrieval (BM25 + cosine similarity) improves performance by an additional +7.7 F1, demonstrating that retrieval quality directly enhances end-to-end system performance. Overall, our results highlight that memory, rather than model size, is the primary driver of accuracy and efficiency in persistent AI agents.

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References · 20

  1. 2015Distilling the Knowledge in a Neural Networkcited by 10,076
  2. 2020Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP Taskscited by 9,160
  3. 2017On Calibration of Modern Neural Networkscited by 4,860
  4. 2020Dense Passage Retrieval for Open-Domain Question Answeringcited by 3,779
  5. 2023Lost in the Middle: How Language Models Use Long Contextscited by 3,383
  6. 2022Language Models (Mostly) Know What They Knowcited by 1,783
  7. 2023MemGPT: Towards LLMs as Operating Systemscited by 1,295
  8. 2023Can LLMs Express Their Uncertainty? An Empirical Evaluation of Confidence Elicitation in LLMscited by 946
  9. 2023Large Language Models Can Be Easily Distracted by Irrelevant Contextcited by 820
  10. 2023FrugalGPT: How to Use Large Language Models While Reducing Cost and Improving Performancecited by 791
  11. 2024LongMemEval: Benchmarking Chat Assistants on Long-Term Interactive Memorycited by 656
  12. 2024RouteLLM: Learning to Route LLMs with Preference Datacited by 633
8 more
  1. 2024Taming Throughput-Latency Tradeoff in LLM Inference with Sarathi-Servecited by 507
  2. 2023Fine-Tuning LLaMA for Multi-Stage Text Retrievalcited by 271
  3. 2022Matryoshka Representation Learningcited by 268
  4. 2023A Stitch in Time Saves Nine: Detecting and Mitigating Hallucinations of LLMs by Validating Low-Confidence Generationcited by 202
  5. 2023AutoMix: Automatically Mixing Language Modelscited by 116
  6. 2024A Unified Approach to Routing and Cascading for LLMscited by 71
  7. 2023Retrieval-based Knowledge Transfer: An Effective Approach for Extreme Large Language Model Compressioncited by 3
  8. 2025A Plan Reuse Mechanism for LLM-Driven Agentcited by 3

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