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Gradually Excavating External Knowledge for Implicit Complex Question Answering

arXiv 2603.08148 ↗First posted 9 Mar 2026cs.CL cs.AIcited by 0

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Abstract (arXiv)

Recently, large language models (LLMs) have gained much attention for the emergence of human-comparable capabilities and huge potential. However, for open-domain implicit question-answering problems, LLMs may not be the ultimate solution due to the reasons of: 1) uncovered or out-of-date domain knowledge, 2) one-shot generation and hence restricted comprehensiveness. To this end, this work proposes a gradual knowledge excavation framework for open-domain complex question answering, where LLMs iteratively and actively acquire external information, and then reason based on acquired historical knowledge. Specifically, during each step of the solving process, the model selects an action to execute, such as querying external knowledge or performing a single logical reasoning step, to gradually progress toward a final answer. Our method can effectively leverage plug-and-play external knowledge and dynamically adjust the strategy for solving complex questions. Evaluated on the StrategyQA dataset, our method achieves 78.17% accuracy with less than 6% parameters of its competitors, setting new SOTA for ~10B-scale LLMs.

Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 22 of its 30 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 9 Mar 2026.

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References · 22

  1. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
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  10. 2021Did Aristotle Use a Laptop? A Question Answering Benchmark with Implicit Reasoning Strategiescited by 736
  11. 2020How Much Knowledge Can You Pack Into the Parameters of a Language Model?cited by 713
  12. 2023Is ChatGPT a General-Purpose Natural Language Processing Task Solver?cited by 486
10 more
  1. 2023Faithful Chain-of-Thought Reasoningcited by 285
  2. 2022Maieutic Prompting: Logically Consistent Reasoning with Recursive Explanationscited by 159
  3. 2022Rethinking with Retrieval: Faithful Large Language Model Inferencecited by 145
  4. 2023Knowledge-Augmented Reasoning Distillation for Small Language Models in Knowledge-Intensive Taskscited by 62
  5. 2021Adaptive Information Seeking for Open-Domain Question Answeringcited by 29
  6. 2022Visconde: Multi-document QA with GPT-3 and Neural Rerankingcited by 23
  7. 2020HopRetriever: Retrieve Hops over Wikipedia to Answer Complex Questionscited by 19
  8. 2022Inferring Implicit Relations in Complex Questions with Language Modelscited by 9
  9. 2022Better Retrieval May Not Lead to Better Question Answeringcited by 3
  10. 2023Answering Unseen Questions With Smaller Language Models Using Rationale Generation and Dense Retrievalcited by 1

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  2. 2023DIVKNOWQA: Assessing the Reasoning Ability of LLMs via Open-Domain Question Answering over Knowledge Base and Text
  3. 2022Open-domain Question Answering via Chain of Reasoning over Heterogeneous Knowledge
  4. 2025O2-Searcher: A Searching-based Agent Model for Open-Domain Open-Ended Question Answering
  5. 2024DEXTER: A Benchmark for open-domain Complex Question Answering using LLMs
  6. 2024Towards Better Generalization in Open-Domain Question Answering by Mitigating Context Memorization
  7. 2025One More Question is Enough, Expert Question Decomposition (EQD) Model for Domain Quantitative Reasoning
  8. 2025Beyond Chains: Bridging Large Language Models and Knowledge Bases in Complex Question Answering