TWICE: Modeling the Temporal Evolution of Personalized User Behavior via Event-Driven Agents
On the map: LLM agents and tool use → Agent memory systems
Abstract (arXiv)
User simulators are widely used for data generation, evaluation, and agent-based interaction, but existing approaches often model users as static personas or rely on generic historical context, making it difficult to capture how individual behavior evolves over time. To address this limitation, we propose TWICE, an LLM-based framework for temporally grounded personalized user simulation. TWICE combines structured user profiling, an event-driven memory module organized around life events and behavioral shifts, and a two-stage workflow separating event-grounded content planning from personalized style adaptation. This design enables the simulator to model not only what a user says, but also how past experiences shape later expression. We evaluate TWICE on a large-scale longitudinal Twitter dataset and introduce a comprehensive evaluation framework that jointly measures authenticity, consistency, and humanlikeness. Results show that TWICE consistently outperforms strong baselines, suggesting that event-centered memory is a promising mechanism for modeling the temporal evolution of personalized user behavior.
Key facts. Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Agent memory systems, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use. Builds on 10 of its 24 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 15 Dec 2025.
Builds on
10 of 24 references.
References · 10
- 2023Generative Agents: Interactive Simulacra of Human Behaviorcited by 3,500
- 2014Sequence to Sequence Learning with Neural Networkscited by 2,974
- 2023CAMEL: Communicative Agents for "Mind" Exploration of Large Language Model Societycited by 1,348
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- 2023User Behavior Simulation with Large Language Model based Agentscited by 136
- 2024OASIS: Open Agent Social Interaction Simulations with One Million Agentscited by 127
- 2025Know You First and Be You Better: Modeling Human-Like User Simulators via Implicit Profilescited by 38
- 2022Symptom Identification for Interpretable Detection of Multiple Mental Disorderscited by 20
- 2025Population-Aligned Persona Generation for LLM-based Social Simulationcited by 20
- 2024Evolving Agents: Interactive Simulation of Dynamic and Diverse Human Personalitiescited by 14
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2026: 2.
2 papers.
- 2026FileGram: Grounding Agent Personalization in File-System Behavioral Tracescited by 3
- 2026Controllable User Simulationcited by 0
- 2026Controllable User Simulation12 May 2026
- 2026FileGram: Grounding Agent Personalization in File-System Behavioral Traces6 Apr 2026
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2026DynamicMem: A Long-Horizon Memory Benchmark in Real-World Settings
- 2026LATTE: Forecasting Peer Anchored Preference Trajectories for Personalized LLM Generation
- 2026PERMA: Benchmarking Personalized Memory Agents via Event-Driven Preference and Realistic Task Environments
- 2025Beyond Static Evaluation: Rethinking the Assessment of Personalized Agent Adaptability in Information Retrieval
- 2026From Atom to Community: Structured and Evolving Agent Memory for User Behavior Modeling
- 2025Enabling Personalized Long-term Interactions in LLM-based Agents through Persistent Memory and User Profiles
- 2026UserGPT Technical Report
- 2025O-Mem: Omni Memory System for Personalized, Long Horizon, Self-Evolving Agents