Activation Steering via Generative Causal Mediation

Where should we intervene in a language model (LM) to localize and control behaviors that are diffused across many tokens of a long-form response? We introduce Generative Causal Mediation (GCM), a procedure for selecting model components (e.g., attention heads) from contrastive long-form responses, to steer such diffuse concepts (e.g., talk in verse vs. talk in prose). In GCM, we first construct a dataset of contrasting behavioral inputs and long-form responses. Then, we quantify how model components mediate the concept and select the strongest mediators for steering. We evaluate GCM on three behaviors--refusal, sycophancy, and style transfer--across three language models. GCM successfully localizes concepts expressed in long-form responses and outperforms correlational probe-based baselines when steering with a sparse set of attention heads. Together, these results demonstrate that GCM provides an effective approach for localizing from and controlling the long-form responses of LMs.