mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Augmenting Parameter-Efficient Pre-trained Language Models with Large Language Models

arXiv 2602.02501 ↗First posted 19 Jan 2026cs.LG cs.CRcited by 0

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

Training AI models in cybersecurity with help of vast datasets offers significant opportunities to mimic real-world behaviors effectively. However, challenges like data drift and scarcity of labelled data lead to frequent updates of models and the risk of overfitting. To address these challenges, we used parameter-efficient fine-tuning techniques for pre-trained language models wherein we combine compacters with various layer freezing strategies. To enhance the capabilities of these pre-trained language models, in this work we introduce two strategies that use large language models. In the first strategy, we utilize large language models as data-labelling tools wherein they generate labels for unlabeled data. In the second strategy, large language modes are utilized as fallback mechanisms for predictions having low confidence scores. We perform comprehensive experimental analysis on the proposed strategies on different downstream tasks specific to cybersecurity domain. We empirically demonstrate that by combining parameter-efficient pre-trained models with large language models, we can improve the reliability and robustness of models, making them more suitable for real-world cybersecurity applications.

Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 32 of its 49 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 19 Jan 2026.

Builds on

32 of 49 references.

References · 32

  1. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
  2. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,199
  3. 2023GPT-4 Technical Reportcited by 18,132
  4. 2019Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformercited by 14,491
  5. 2024The Llama 3 Herd of Modelscited by 14,192
  6. 2023LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Modelscited by 13,958
  7. 2019RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approachcited by 13,266
  8. 2018GLUE: A Multi-Task Benchmark and Analysis Platform for Natural Language Understandingcited by 4,854
  9. 2019Parameter-Efficient Transfer Learning for NLPcited by 4,195
  10. 2021Prefix-Tuning: Optimizing Continuous Prompts for Generationcited by 3,878
  11. 2019SuperGLUE: A Stickier Benchmark for General-Purpose Language Understanding Systemscited by 1,718
  12. 2019Energy and Policy Considerations for Deep Learning in NLPcited by 1,242
20 more
  1. 2019What Does BERT Look At? An Analysis of BERT's Attentioncited by 994
  2. 2018XNLI: Evaluating Cross-lingual Sentence Representationscited by 913
  3. 2020AdapterFusion: Non-Destructive Task Composition for Transfer Learningcited by 780
  4. 2020Pre-trained Models for Natural Language Processing: A Surveycited by 504
  5. 2021Compacter: Efficient Low-Rank Hypercomplex Adapter Layerscited by 458
  6. 2020AdapterHub: A Framework for Adapting Transformerscited by 441
  7. 2020Fine-Tuning Pretrained Language Models: Weight Initializations, Data Orders, and Early Stoppingcited by 377
  8. 2020K-Adapter: Infusing Knowledge into Pre-Trained Models with Adapterscited by 318
  9. 2019Revealing the Dark Secrets of BERTcited by 300
  10. 2019SMART: Robust and Efficient Fine-Tuning for Pre-trained Natural Language Models through Principled Regularized Optimizationcited by 253
  11. 2019Simple, Scalable Adaptation for Neural Machine Translationcited by 239
  12. 2020Revisiting Few-sample BERT Fine-tuningcited by 237
  13. 2020AdapterDrop: On the Efficiency of Adapters in Transformerscited by 223
  14. 2021On the Effectiveness of Adapter-based Tuning for Pretrained Language Model Adaptationcited by 147
  15. 2020What Happens To BERT Embeddings During Fine-tuning?cited by 113
  16. 2021Beyond Fully-Connected Layers with Quaternions: Parameterization of Hypercomplex Multiplications with 1/n Parameterscited by 66
  17. 2018Tranco: A Research-Oriented Top Sites Ranking Hardened Against Manipulationcited by 61
  18. 2022SecureBERT: A Domain-Specific Language Model for Cybersecuritycited by 60
  19. 2017Automatic Detection of Malware-Generated Domains with Recurrent Neural Modelscited by 3
  20. 2020Real-Time Detection of Dictionary DGA Network Traffic using Deep Learningcited by 3

Built on by

Not cited yet.