mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Overalignment in Frontier LLMs: An Empirical Study of Sycophantic Behaviour in Healthcare

arXiv 2601.18334 ↗First posted 26 Jan 2026cs.CLcited by 2

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Abstract (arXiv)

As LLMs are increasingly integrated into clinical workflows, their tendency for sycophancy, prioritizing user agreement over factual accuracy, poses significant risks to patient safety. While existing evaluations often rely on subjective datasets, we introduce a robust framework grounded in medical MCQA with verifiable ground truths. We propose the Adjusted Sycophancy Score, a novel metric that isolates alignment bias by accounting for stochastic model instability, or "confusability". Through an extensive scaling analysis of the Qwen-3 and Llama-3 families, we identify a clear scaling trajectory for resilience. Furthermore, we reveal a counter-intuitive vulnerability in reasoning-optimized "Thinking" models: while they demonstrate high vanilla accuracy, their internal reasoning traces frequently rationalize incorrect user suggestions under authoritative pressure. Our results across frontier models suggest that benchmark performance is not a proxy for clinical reliability, and that simplified reasoning structures may offer superior robustness against expert-driven sycophancy.

Key facts. Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 6 of its 10 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 26 Jan 2026.

Builds on

6 of 10 references.

References · 6

  1. 2024MMLU-Pro: A More Robust and Challenging Multi-Task Language Understanding Benchmarkcited by 1,758
  2. 2020What Disease does this Patient Have? A Large-scale Open Domain Question Answering Dataset from Medical Examscited by 1,324
  3. 2025Measuring Sycophancy of Language Models in Multi-turn Dialoguescited by 91
  4. 2023Are You Sure? Challenging LLMs Leads to Performance Drops in The FlipFlop Experimentcited by 71
  5. 2025CoCoA: Confidence and Context-Aware Adaptive Decoding for Resolving Knowledge Conflicts in Large Language Modelscited by 9
  6. 2025PARROT: Persuasion and Agreement Robustness Rating of Output Truth -- A Sycophancy Robustness Benchmark for LLMscited by 8

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2026: 2.

2 papers.

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2026Looking Again: Measuring Sycophancy in the Reasoning Chains of Multimodal Models Under Pressure
  2. 2026Good Arguments Against the People Pleasers: How Reasoning Mitigates (Yet Masks) LLM Sycophancy
  3. 2026Measuring Epistemic Resilience of LLMs Under Misleading Medical Context
  4. 2026Safety and accuracy follow different scaling laws in clinical large language models
  5. 2025Limitations of Large Language Models in Clinical Problem-Solving Arising from Inflexible Reasoning
  6. 2025A Multi-faceted Analysis of Cognitive Abilities: Evaluating Prompt Methods with Large Language Models on the CONSORT Checklist
  7. 2026Alignment Plausibility: A New Standard for Assuring AI in Healthcare
  8. 2025Medical Reasoning in LLMs: An In-Depth Analysis of DeepSeek R1