mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Learning to Trust the Crowd: A Multi-Model Consensus Reasoning Engine for Large Language Models

arXiv 2601.07245 ↗First posted 12 Jan 2026cs.AI cs.CL cs.LGcited by 1

On the map: LLM reasoning → Reasoning benchmarks and evaluation

Abstract (arXiv)

Large language models (LLMs) achieve strong average performance yet remain unreliable at the instance level, with frequent hallucinations, brittle failures, and poorly calibrated confidence. We study reliability through the lens of multi-model consensus: given responses from several heterogeneous LLMs, can we learn which answer is most likely correct for a given query? We introduce a Multi-Model Consensus Reasoning Engine that treats the set of LLM outputs as input to a supervised meta-learner. The system maps natural language responses into structured features using semantic embeddings, pairwise similarity and clustering statistics, lexical and structural cues, reasoning-quality scores, confidence estimates, and model-specific priors, and then applies gradient-boosted trees, listwise ranking, and graph neural networks over similarity graphs of answers. Using three open-weight LLMs evaluated on compact, resource-constrained subsets of GSM8K, ARC-Challenge, HellaSwag, and TruthfulQA, our best graph-attention-based consensus model improves macro-average accuracy by 4.6 percentage points over the strongest single LLM and by 8.1 points over majority vote, while also yielding lower Brier scores and fewer TruthfulQA hallucinations. Ablation and feature-importance analyses show that semantic agreement and clustering features are most influential, with reasoning-quality and model-prior features providing complementary gains, suggesting supervised multi-model consensus is a practical route toward more reliable LLM behavior, even in a modest single-machine setup.

Key facts. Cited by 1 paper in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Reasoning benchmarks and evaluation, one of 17 directions in LLM reasoning. Builds on 20 of its 34 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 12 Jan 2026.

Builds on

20 of 34 references.

Closest ancestors · 1

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2023Improving Factuality and Reasoning in Language Models through Multiagent Debate23 May

Other references · 19

  1. 2016Semi-Supervised Classification with Graph Convolutional Networkscited by 11,361
  2. 2021Training Verifiers to Solve Math Word Problemscited by 10,109
  3. 2019Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networkscited by 9,170
  4. 2017Graph Attention Networkscited by 8,923
  5. 2020Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understandingcited by 7,963
  6. 2017A Unified Approach to Interpreting Model Predictionscited by 6,555
  7. 2022Self-Consistency Improves Chain of Thought Reasoning in Language Modelscited by 5,708
  8. 2018Think you have Solved Question Answering? Try ARC, the AI2 Reasoning Challengecited by 4,886
  9. 2019HellaSwag: Can a Machine Really Finish Your Sentence?cited by 4,100
  10. 2023Mistral 7Bcited by 3,164
  11. 2021TruthfulQA: Measuring How Models Mimic Human Falsehoodscited by 2,975
  12. 2017TriviaQA: A Large Scale Distantly Supervised Challenge Dataset for Reading Comprehensioncited by 2,955
7 more
  1. 2024MMLU-Pro: A More Robust and Challenging Multi-Task Language Understanding Benchmarkcited by 1,848
  2. 2023A Survey on Hallucination in Large Language Models: Principles, Taxonomy, Challenges, and Open Questionscited by 1,601
  3. 2024A Survey on LLM-as-a-Judgecited by 1,423
  4. 2022Text Embeddings by Weakly-Supervised Contrastive Pre-trainingcited by 1,253
  5. 2023SelfCheckGPT: Zero-Resource Black-Box Hallucination Detection for Generative Large Language Modelscited by 810
  6. 2022One Embedder, Any Task: Instruction-Finetuned Text Embeddingscited by 333
  7. 2023Self-Evaluation Improves Selective Generation in Large Language Modelscited by 76

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Citing papers per year: 2026: 1.

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  1. 2026Reasoning Consensus: Structural Ensembling of LLM Reasoning via Weighted DAG Aggregation
  2. 2026Beyond Majority Voting: Efficient Best-Of-N with Radial Consensus Score
  3. 2024metabench -- A Sparse Benchmark of Reasoning and Knowledge in Large Language Models
  4. 2026A Single Revision Step Improves Token-Efficient LLM Reasoning
  5. 2025Collective Reasoning Among LLMs: A Framework for Answer Validation Without Ground Truth
  6. 2023ReConcile: Round-Table Conference Improves Reasoning via Consensus among Diverse LLMs
  7. 2023Towards Reasoning in Large Language Models via Multi-Agent Peer Review Collaboration
  8. 2026Consensus is Not Verification: Why Crowd Wisdom Strategies Fail for LLM Truthfulness