When in Doubt, Consult: Expert Debate for Sexism Detection via Confidence-Based Routing
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
Online sexism increasingly appears in subtle, context-dependent forms that evade traditional detection methods. Its interpretation often depends on overlapping linguistic, psychological, legal, and cultural dimensions, which produce mixed and sometimes contradictory signals in annotated datasets. These inconsistencies, combined with label scarcity and class imbalance, result in unstable decision boundaries and cause fine-tuned models to overlook subtler, underrepresented forms of harm. To address these challenges, we propose a two-stage framework that unifies (i) targeted training procedures to better regularize supervision to scarce and noisy data with (ii) selective, reasoning-based inference to handle ambiguous or borderline cases. First, we stabilize the training combining class-balanced focal loss, class-aware batching, and post-hoc threshold calibration, strategies for the firs time adapted for this domain to mitigate label imbalance and noisy supervision. Second, we bridge the gap between efficiency and reasoning with a a dynamic routing mechanism that distinguishes between unambiguous instances and complex cases requiring a deliberative process. This reasoning process results in the novel Collaborative Expert Judgment (CEJ) module which prompts multiple personas and consolidates their reasoning through a judge model. Our approach outperforms existing approaches across several public benchmarks, with F1 gains of +4.48% and +1.30% on EDOS Tasks A and B, respectively, and a +2.79% improvement in ICM on EXIST 2025 Task 1.1.
Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 16 of its 50 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 21 Dec 2025.
Builds on
16 of 50 references.
References · 16
- 2021LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Modelscited by 14,084
- 2019RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approachcited by 13,266
- 2017On Calibration of Modern Neural Networkscited by 4,860
- 2019DistilBERT, a distilled version of BERT: smaller, faster, cheaper and lightercited by 4,243
- 2020DeBERTa: Decoding-enhanced BERT with Disentangled Attentioncited by 2,157
- 2019Class-Balanced Loss Based on Effective Number of Samplescited by 1,239
- 2023LLM-Blender: Ensembling Large Language Models with Pairwise Ranking and Generative Fusioncited by 550
- 2019Social Bias Frames: Reasoning about Social and Power Implications of Languagecited by 377
- 2021Dealing with Disagreements: Looking Beyond the Majority Vote in Subjective Annotationscited by 306
- 2023ToolkenGPT: Augmenting Frozen Language Models with Massive Tools via Tool Embeddingscited by 238
- 2023ExpertPrompting: Instructing Large Language Models to be Distinguished Expertscited by 140
- 2020"Call me sexist, but...": Revisiting Sexism Detection Using Psychological Scales and Adversarial Samplescited by 48
4 more
- 2024From Prompt Engineering to Prompt Science With Human in the Loopcited by 12
- 2025Mario at EXIST 2025: A Simple Gateway to Effective Multilingual Sexism Detectioncited by 4
- 2023HULAT at SemEval-2023 Task 10: Data augmentation for pre-trained transformers applied to the detection of sexism in social mediacited by 2
- 2025Explaining Matters: Leveraging Definitions and Semantic Expansion for Sexism Detectioncited by 2
Built on by
Not cited yet.
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2026Reliability-Aware Sexism Detection: Combining DPO with Annotator Agreement and Token-Level Confidence Scoring
- 2026Learning Sexism Detection Using Multi-Agent Perspectivist Preference Optimization
- 2026Beyond Binary Classification: Detecting Fine-Grained Sexism in Social Media Videos
- 2025MuSeD: A Multimodal Spanish Dataset for Sexism Detection in Social Media Videos
- 2024Language is Scary when Over-Analyzed: Unpacking Implied Misogynistic Reasoning with Argumentation Theory-Driven Prompts
- 2025Investigating Intersectional Bias in Large Language Models using Confidence Disparities in Coreference Resolution
- 2023HausaNLP at SemEval-2023 Task 10: Transfer Learning, Synthetic Data and Side-Information for Multi-Level Sexism Classification
- 2025DR.GAP: Mitigating Bias in Large Language Models using Gender-Aware Prompting with Decoupled Reasoning