Mesh-Attention: A New Communication-Efficient Distributed Attention with Improved Data Locality

Distributed attention is essential for scaling large language models (LLMs) to long contexts, yet existing methods either have limited parallelism or incur high communication costs. Ulysses uses efficient all-to-all communication but cannot scale beyond the number of attention heads, whereas Ring-Attention removes this limit at the cost of high per-GPU communication. In our analytical Q-KV interaction matrix model, Ring-Attention assigns each GPU an entire row, preserving Q locality while sacrificing KV locality. Each GPU therefore receives nearly all KV partitions, and its communication grows linearly with sequence length. We present Mesh-Attention, which instead assigns each GPU a 2D tile to balance Q and KV locality, so that it collects only subsets of Q and KV partitions. This gives Mesh-Attention asymptotically lower communication complexity than Ring-Attention without limiting parallelism. Mesh-Attention further uses KV Partition Rotation (KVR), greedy scheduling, and topology-aware GPU mapping to balance traffic, overlap communication with computation, and reduce traffic over low-bandwidth links. Across experiments on up to 256 GPUs and 1M-token sequences, Mesh-Attention achieves average speedups of 17.00x, 2.62x and 2.94x (up to 32.27x, 4.36x and 4.59x) over Ring-Attention, USP (Ulysses degree 8) and StarTrail, respectively. It maintains this performance advantage as GPU count and sequence length increase while substantially reducing communication overhead at scale.