A Comprehensive Safety Metric to Evaluate Perception in Autonomous Systems
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Abstract (arXiv)
Complete perception of the environment and its correct interpretation is crucial for autonomous vehicles. Object perception is the main component of automotive surround sensing. Various metrics already exist for the evaluation of object perception. However, objects can be of different importance depending on their velocity, orientation, distance, size, or the potential damage that could be caused by a collision due to a missed detection. Thus, these additional parameters have to be considered for safety evaluation. We propose a new safety metric that incorporates all these parameters and returns a single easily interpretable safety assessment score for object perception. This new metric is evaluated with both real world and virtual data sets and compared to state of the art metrics.
Key facts. Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 9 of its 27 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 16 Dec 2025.
Builds on
9 of 27 references.
References · 9
- 2014Microsoft COCO: Common Objects in Contextcited by 17,498
- 2015Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networkscited by 9,617
- 2018YOLOv3: An Incremental Improvementcited by 2,652
- 2018PointPillars: Fast Encoders for Object Detection from Point Cloudscited by 1,707
- 2019Generalized Intersection over Union: A Metric and A Loss for Bounding Box Regressioncited by 1,361
- 2019From Points to Parts: 3D Object Detection from Point Cloud with Part-aware and Part-aggregation Networkcited by 366
- 2017On a Formal Model of Safe and Scalable Self-driving Carscited by 129
- 2017Compositional Falsification of Cyber-Physical Systems with Machine Learning Componentscited by 31
- 2017Accurate Single Stage Detector Using Recurrent Rolling Convolutioncited by 27
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Citing papers per year: 2025: 2; 2026: 2.
4 papers.
- 2025Criticality Metrics for Relevance Classification in Safety Evaluation of Object Detection in Automated Drivingcited by 2
- 2025EPSM: A Novel Metric to Evaluate the Safety of Environmental Perception in Autonomous Drivingcited by 1
- 2026Effort-Based Criticality Metrics for Evaluating 3D Perception Errors in Autonomous Drivingcited by 0
- 2026Scenario-Independent Criticality Assessment and Prediction for Vulnerable Road Users in Autonomous Drivingcited by 0
- 2026Scenario-Independent Criticality Assessment and Prediction for Vulnerable Road Users in Autonomous Driving24 Jul 2026
- 2026Effort-Based Criticality Metrics for Evaluating 3D Perception Errors in Autonomous Driving30 Mar 2026
- 2025EPSM: A Novel Metric to Evaluate the Safety of Environmental Perception in Autonomous Driving17 Dec 2025
- 2025Criticality Metrics for Relevance Classification in Safety Evaluation of Object Detection in Automated Driving17 Dec 2025