Depth-Wise Activation Steering for Honest Language Models
On the map: Mechanistic interpretability → Probing deception, bias and beliefs
Abstract (arXiv)
Large language models sometimes assert falsehoods despite internally representing the correct answer, failures of honesty rather than accuracy, which undermines auditability and safety. Existing approaches largely optimize factual correctness or depend on retraining and brittle single-layer edits, offering limited leverage over truthful reporting. We present a training-free activation steering method that weights steering strength across network depth using a Gaussian schedule. On the MASK benchmark, which separates honesty from knowledge, we evaluate seven models spanning the LLaMA, Qwen, and Mistral families and find that Gaussian scheduling improves honesty over no-steering and single-layer baselines in six of seven models. Equal-budget ablations on LLaMA-3.1-8B-Instruct and Qwen-2.5-7B-Instruct show the Gaussian schedule outperforms random, uniform, and box-filter depth allocations, indicating that how intervention is distributed across depth materially affects outcomes beyond total strength. The method is simple, model-agnostic, requires no finetuning, and provides a low-cost control knob for eliciting truthful reporting from models' existing capabilities.
Key facts. Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Probing deception, bias and beliefs, one of 13 directions in Mechanistic interpretability. Builds on 14 of its 18 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 8 Dec 2025.
Builds on
14 of 18 references.
References · 14
- 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,971
- 2023Universal and Transferable Adversarial Attacks on Aligned Language Modelscited by 3,104
- 2021TruthfulQA: Measuring How Models Mimic Human Falsehoodscited by 2,975
- 2023Steering Llama 2 via Contrastive Activation Additioncited by 1,085
- 2023Steering Language Models With Activation Engineeringcited by 922
- 2023"Do Anything Now": Characterizing and Evaluating In-The-Wild Jailbreak Prompts on Large Language Modelscited by 489
- 2023Do the Rewards Justify the Means? Measuring Trade-Offs Between Rewards and Ethical Behavior in the MACHIAVELLI Benchmarkcited by 182
- 2024On Prompt-Driven Safeguarding for Large Language Modelscited by 116
- 2024Steering Language Model Refusal with Sparse Autoencoderscited by 95
- 2024Improving Steering Vectors by Targeting Sparse Autoencoder Featurescited by 92
- 2025The MASK Benchmark: Disentangling Honesty From Accuracy in AI Systemscited by 72
- 2024Semantics-Adaptive Activation Intervention for LLMs via Dynamic Steering Vectorscited by 63
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2026: 4.
4 papers.
- 2026Efficient and accurate steering of Large Language Models through attention-guided feature learningcited by 8
- 2026Preconditioned Test-Time Adaptation for Out-of-Distribution Debiasing in Narrative Generationcited by 5
- 2026Playing Devil's Advocate: Off-the-Shelf Persona Vectors Rival Targeted Steering for Sycophancycited by 4
- 2026Auditing Asset-Specific Preferences in Financial Large Language Models: Evidence from Bitcoin Representations and Portfolio Allocationcited by 1
- 2026Auditing Asset-Specific Preferences in Financial Large Language Models: Evidence from Bitcoin Representations and Portfolio Allocation1 Jun 2026
- 2026Playing Devil's Advocate: Off-the-Shelf Persona Vectors Rival Targeted Steering for Sycophancy20 May 2026
- 2026Preconditioned Test-Time Adaptation for Out-of-Distribution Debiasing in Narrative Generation14 Mar 2026
- 2026Efficient and accurate steering of Large Language Models through attention-guided feature learning30 Jan 2026
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2026Grounding Without Corrective Control: Truth-Tracking Profiles for Large Language Models
- 2026Linear Separability of Activation Representations after Supervised Fine-Tuning on Incorrect Responses: A Study of Synthetic Dishonesty in Large Language Models
- 2024Adaptive Activation Steering: A Tuning-Free LLM Truthfulness Improvement Method for Diverse Hallucinations Categories
- 2026The ACUTE Protocol: Operationalizing Language Model Activations for Better Calibration, Utility, and Trust
- 2026Latent space bias directions in LLMs capture confidence, not fairness
- 2026A Controlled Study of Decoding-Time Truthfulness Methods on Instruction-Tuned LLMs
- 2025Activation Steering for Bias Mitigation: An Interpretable Approach to Safer LLMs
- 2025When Truthful Representations Flip Under Deceptive Instructions?