mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

ParaUni: Enhance Generation in Unified Multimodal Model with Reinforcement-driven Hierarchical Parallel Information Interaction

arXiv 2512.05422 ↗First posted 5 Dec 2025cs.CVcited by 1

On the map: Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models → MLLM training and visual instruction tuning

also in 1 more
Abstract (arXiv)

Unified multimodal models significantly improve visual generation by combining vision-language models (VLMs) with diffusion models. However, existing methods struggle to fully balance sufficient interaction and flexible implementation due to vast representation difference. Considering abundant and hierarchical information in VLM's layers from low-level details to high-level semantics, we propose ParaUni. It extracts features from variants VLM's layers in a Parallel way for comprehensive information interaction and retains a flexible separation architecture to enhance generation in Unified multimodal model. Concretely, visual features from all VLM's layers are fed in parallel into a Layer Integration Module (LIM), which efficiently integrates fine-grained details and semantic abstractions and provides the fused representation as a condition to the diffusion model. To further enhance performance, we reveal that these hierarchical layers respond unequally to different rewards in Reinforcement Learning (RL). Crucially, we design a Layer-wise Dynamic Adjustment Mechanism (LDAM) to facilitate multiple reward improvements that aligns the hierarchical properties of these layers using RL. Extensive experiments show ParaUni leverages complementary multi-layer features to substantially improve generation quality and shows strong potential for multiple reward advances during RL stages. Code is available at https://github.com/JosephTiTan/ParaUni.

Key facts. Cited by 1 paper in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in MLLM training and visual instruction tuning, one of 16 directions in Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models. Builds on 59 of its 69 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 5 Dec 2025.

Builds on

59 of 69 references.

Closest ancestors · 4

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2024LLaVA-OneVision: Easy Visual Task Transfer6 Aug
  2. 2024How Far Are We to GPT-4V? Closing the Gap to Commercial Multimodal Models with Open-Source Suites25 Apr
  3. 2023InternVL: Scaling up Vision Foundation Models and Aligning for Generic Visual-Linguistic Tasks21 Dec
  4. 2023Improved Baselines with Visual Instruction Tuning5 Oct

Other references · 55

  1. 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,744
  2. 2021High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 18,863
  3. 2023Visual Instruction Tuningcited by 7,869
  4. 2022Hierarchical Text-Conditional Image Generation with CLIP Latentscited by 6,585
  5. 2024Qwen2.5 Technical Reportcited by 4,942
  6. 2023SDXL: Improving Latent Diffusion Models for High-Resolution Image Synthesiscited by 4,356
  7. 2021Zero-Shot Text-to-Image Generationcited by 4,288
  8. 2024Scaling Rectified Flow Transformers for High-Resolution Image Synthesiscited by 4,181
  9. 2022LAION-5B: An open large-scale dataset for training next generation image-text modelscited by 4,152
  10. 2023MiniGPT-4: Enhancing Vision-Language Understanding with Advanced Large Language Modelscited by 2,711
  11. 2025InternVL3: Exploring Advanced Training and Test-Time Recipes for Open-Source Multimodal Modelscited by 1,834
  12. 2023Pick-a-Pic: An Open Dataset of User Preferences for Text-to-Image Generationcited by 977
38 more
  1. 2023GenEval: An Object-Focused Framework for Evaluating Text-to-Image Alignmentcited by 972
  2. 2024Chameleon: Mixed-Modal Early-Fusion Foundation Modelscited by 927
  3. 2025Emerging Properties in Unified Multimodal Pretrainingcited by 897
  4. 2025Janus-Pro: Unified Multimodal Understanding and Generation with Data and Model Scalingcited by 812
  5. 2023Diffusion Model Alignment Using Direct Preference Optimizationcited by 790
  6. 2024Emu3: Next-Token Prediction is All You Needcited by 781
  7. 2024Autoregressive Model Beats Diffusion: Llama for Scalable Image Generationcited by 777
  8. 2024Show-o: One Single Transformer to Unify Multimodal Understanding and Generationcited by 752
  9. 2025Flow-GRPO: Training Flow Matching Models via Online RLcited by 661
  10. 2024ELLA: Equip Diffusion Models with LLM for Enhanced Semantic Alignmentcited by 475
  11. 2024Janus: Decoupling Visual Encoding for Unified Multimodal Understanding and Generationcited by 457
  12. 2025Step1X-Edit: A Practical Framework for General Image Editingcited by 429
  13. 2025DanceGRPO: Unleashing GRPO on Visual Generationcited by 413
  14. 2025BLIP3-o: A Family of Fully Open Unified Multimodal Models-Architecture, Training and Datasetcited by 376
  15. 2024SANA: Efficient High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Linear Diffusion Transformerscited by 340
  16. 2024SEED-X: Multimodal Models with Unified Multi-granularity Comprehension and Generationcited by 331
  17. 2024Hunyuan-DiT: A Powerful Multi-Resolution Diffusion Transformer with Fine-Grained Chinese Understandingcited by 298
  18. 2024VILA-U: a Unified Foundation Model Integrating Visual Understanding and Generationcited by 295
  19. 2024Playground v2.5: Three Insights towards Enhancing Aesthetic Quality in Text-to-Image Generationcited by 256
  20. 2023Using Human Feedback to Fine-tune Diffusion Models without Any Reward Modelcited by 252
  21. 2025Transfer between Modalities with MetaQueriescited by 236
  22. 2021RedCaps: web-curated image-text data created by the people, for the peoplecited by 180
  23. 2025MixGRPO: Unlocking Flow-based GRPO Efficiency with Mixed ODE-SDEcited by 178
  24. 2025HiDream-I1: A High-Efficient Image Generative Foundation Model with Sparse Diffusion Transformercited by 141
  25. 2024Lumina-Next: Making Lumina-T2X Stronger and Faster with Next-DiTcited by 132
  26. 2023CADS: Unleashing the Diversity of Diffusion Models through Condition-Annealed Samplingcited by 129
  27. 2024LMFusion: Adapting Pretrained Language Models for Multimodal Generationcited by 120
  28. 2020Analyzing Individual Neurons in Pre-trained Language Modelscited by 97
  29. 2025Pref-GRPO: Pairwise Preference Reward-based GRPO for Stable Text-to-Image Reinforcement Learningcited by 92
  30. 2022UniCLIP: Unified Framework for Contrastive Language-Image Pre-trainingcited by 54
  31. 2025BLIP3o-NEXT: Next Frontier of Native Image Generationcited by 54
  32. 2024MonoFormer: One Transformer for Both Diffusion and Autoregressioncited by 46
  33. 2025OpenUni: A Simple Baseline for Unified Multimodal Understanding and Generationcited by 46
  34. 2020Intrinsic Probing through Dimension Selectioncited by 45
  35. 2024SynerGen-VL: Towards Synergistic Image Understanding and Generation with Vision Experts and Token Foldingcited by 42
  36. 2025TextAtlas5M: A Large-scale Dataset for Dense Text Image Generationcited by 27
  37. 2022Discovering Salient Neurons in Deep NLP Modelscited by 21
  38. 2025Group Critical-token Policy Optimization for Autoregressive Image Generationcited by 17

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2026: 1.

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  1. 2026Towards Unified Multimodal Interleaved Generation via Group Relative Policy Optimization
  2. 2025PairUni: Pairwise Training for Unified Multimodal Language Models
  3. 2026Learning to Generate via Understanding: Understanding-Driven Intrinsic Rewarding for Unified Multimodal Models
  4. 2026LVRPO: Language-Visual Alignment with GRPO for Multimodal Understanding and Generation
  5. 2026Efficient Reinforcement for Visual-Textual Thinking with Discrete Diffusion Model
  6. 2025Janus-Pro-R1: Advancing Collaborative Visual Comprehension and Generation via Reinforcement Learning
  7. 2025Co-Reinforcement Learning for Unified Multimodal Understanding and Generation
  8. 2026Towards Physics of Multimodal Pretraining: Knowledge Flow, Modality Synergy, Early Unification, and Recipes