KForge: Program Synthesis for Diverse AI Hardware Accelerators
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Abstract (arXiv)
GPU kernels are critical for ML performance but difficult to optimize across diverse accelerators. We present KForge, a platform-agnostic framework built on two collaborative LLM-based agents: a generation agent that produces and iteratively refines programs through compilation and correctness feedback, and a performance analysis agent that interprets profiling data to guide optimization. This agent-based architecture requires only a single-shot example to target new platforms. We make three key contributions: (1) introducing an iterative refinement system where the generation agent and performance analysis agent collaborate through functional and optimization passes, interpreting diverse profiling data (from programmatic APIs to GUI-based tools) to generate actionable recommendations that guide program synthesis for arbitrary accelerators; (2) demonstrating that the generation agent effectively leverages cross-platform knowledge transfer, where a reference implementation from one architecture substantially improves generation quality for different hardware targets; and (3) validating the platform-agnostic nature of our approach by demonstrating effective program synthesis across fundamentally different parallel computing platforms: NVIDIA CUDA and Apple Metal.
Key facts. Cited by 3 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 10 of its 24 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 17 Nov 2025.
Builds on
10 of 24 references.
References · 10
- 2021Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Codecited by 8,053
- 2023Efficient Memory Management for Large Language Model Serving with PagedAttentioncited by 5,767
- 2022FlashAttention: Fast and Memory-Efficient Exact Attention with IO-Awarenesscited by 3,611
- 2023FlashAttention-2: Faster Attention with Better Parallelism and Work Partitioningcited by 2,551
- 2023SGLang: Efficient Execution of Structured Language Model Programscited by 1,107
- 2025FlashInfer: Efficient and Customizable Attention Engine for LLM Inference Servingcited by 248
- 2025KernelBench: Can LLMs Write Efficient GPU Kernels?cited by 206
- 2018Online normalizer calculation for softmaxcited by 154
- 2025NoLiMa: Long-Context Evaluation Beyond Literal Matchingcited by 120
- 2025CUDA-LLM: LLMs Can Write Efficient CUDA Kernelscited by 33
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2026: 3.
3 papers.
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2026KForge: LLM-Driven Cross-Platform Kernel Generation for AI Accelerators
- 2026KernelCraft: Benchmarking for Agentic Close-to-Metal Kernel Generation on Emerging Hardware
- 2026D2K-Bench: Can LLM Agents Turn Expert Designs into Efficient GPU Kernels?
- 2025STARK: Strategic Team of Agents for Refining Kernels
- 2026CuTeGen: An LLM-Based Agentic Framework for Generation and Optimization of High-Performance GPU Kernels using CuTe
- 2026Agentic Kernel Optimization: Generating State-of-the-Art GPU Kernels Without Hand-Written CUDA
- 2026FastKernels: Benchmarking GPU Kernel Generation in Production
- 2026KernelSkill: A Multi-Agent Framework for GPU Kernel Optimization