mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Beyond Consensus: Mitigating the Agreeableness Bias in LLM Judge Evaluations

arXiv 2510.11822 ↗First posted 13 Oct 2025cs.AIcited by 16

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Abstract (arXiv)

New Large Language Models (LLMs) become available every few weeks, and modern application developers confronted with the unenviable task of having to decide if they should switch to a new model. While human evaluation remains the gold standard, it is costly and unscalable. The state-of-the-art approach is to use LLMs as evaluators ( LLM-as-a-judge), but this suffers from a critical flaw: LLMs exhibit a strong positive bias. We provide empirical evidence showing that while LLMs can identify valid outputs with high accuracy (i.e., True Positive Rate 96%), they are remarkably poor at identifying invalid ones (i.e., True Negative Rate <25%). This systematic bias, coupled with class imbalance, often leads to inflated reliability scores. While ensemble-based methods like majority voting can help, we show that they are not good enough. We introduce an optimal minority-veto strategy that is resilient to missing data and mitigates this bias to a large extent. For scenarios requiring even higher precision, we propose a novel regression-based framework that directly models the validator bias using a small set of human-annotated ground truth data. On a challenging code feedback task over 366 high-school Python programs, our regression approach reduces the maximum absolute error to just 1.2%, achieving a 2x improvement over the best-performing ensemble of 14 state-of-the-art LLMs.

Key facts. Cited by 16 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 20 of its 27 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 13 Oct 2025.

Builds on

20 of 27 references.

References · 20

  1. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,419
  2. 2021Training Verifiers to Solve Math Word Problemscited by 10,109
  3. 2023Judging LLM-as-a-Judge with MT-Bench and Chatbot Arenacited by 8,626
  4. 2021Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Codecited by 8,320
  5. 2020Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understandingcited by 7,963
  6. 2017On Calibration of Modern Neural Networkscited by 4,960
  7. 2024A Survey on LLM-as-a-Judgecited by 1,423
  8. 2023Large Language Models are not Fair Evaluatorscited by 1,085
  9. 2023LLM-Blender: Ensembling Large Language Models with Pairwise Ranking and Generative Fusioncited by 564
  10. 2023Generating with Confidence: Uncertainty Quantification for Black-box Large Language Modelscited by 293
  11. 2023Large Language Models Sensitivity to The Order of Options in Multiple-Choice Questionscited by 263
  12. 2024Judging the Judges: Evaluating Alignment and Vulnerabilities in LLMs-as-Judgescited by 205
8 more
  1. 2025Harnessing Multiple Large Language Models: A Survey on LLM Ensemblecited by 86
  2. 2025One Token to Fool LLM-as-a-Judgecited by 60
  3. 2024Evaluating LLMs at Detecting Errors in LLM Responsescited by 50
  4. 2023Getting MoRE out of Mixture of Language Model Reasoning Expertscited by 44
  5. 2024Merge, Ensemble, and Cooperate! A Survey on Collaborative Strategies in the Era of Large Language Modelscited by 44
  6. 2024LLM-TOPLA: Efficient LLM Ensemble by Maximising Diversitycited by 42
  7. 2024Post-hoc Reward Calibration: A Case Study on Length Biascited by 29
  8. 2024Mirror-Consistency: Harnessing Inconsistency in Majority Votingcited by 17

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2025: 2; 2026: 14.

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  1. 2026Catching One in Five: LLM-as-Judge Blind Spots in Production Multi-Turn Transaction Agentscited by 4
  2. 2025Pessimistic Verification for Open Ended Math Questionscited by 3
  3. 2025Multi-LLM Collaboration for Medication Recommendationcited by 2
  4. 2026Classroom Final Exam: An Instructor-Tested Reasoning Benchmarkcited by 2
  5. 2026A Finite-Calibration Regime Map for LLM Judge Panelscited by 2
  6. 2026To Isolate or to Score? Model-Adaptive Assessment for Cost-Efficient Multi-Agent RAGcited by 2
  7. 2026Break Me If You Can: Self-Jailbreaking of Aligned LLMs via Lexical Insertion Promptingcited by 1
  8. 2026Towards Provably Unbiased LLM Judges via Bias-Bounded Evaluationcited by 1
  9. 2026BenchBrowser: Retrieving Evidence for Evaluating Benchmark Validitycited by 1
  10. 2026Refute-or-Promote: An Adversarial Stage-Gated Multi-Agent Review Methodology for High-Precision LLM-Assisted Defect Discoverycited by 0
  11. 2026PYTHALAB-MERA: Validation-Grounded Memory, Retrieval, and Acceptance Control for Frozen-LLM Coding Agentscited by 0
  12. 2026Learning to Deny: Action Denial in Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 0
4 more
  1. 2026Project Kaleidoscope: Contextual, Human-Aligned Evaluation for Real-World AI Applicationscited by 0
  2. 2026A Glance Is All You Need: Single-Pass Fine-Grained Image Captioning with SimLosscited by 0
  3. 2026Can We Trust LLM Judges: A Study of Capability-Dependent Biases and Multi-Judge Ensemble for Bias Calibrationcited by 0
  4. 2026MemoReason: Evaluating the Effect of Parametric Memory on Contextual Reasoning in LLMscited by 0