LLMs Show Surface-Form Brittleness Under Paraphrase Stress Tests
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Abstract (arXiv)
Benchmark scores for Large Language Models (LLMs) can be inflated by memorization of test items or near duplicates. We present a simple, protocol that probes generalization by re-evaluating models on paraphrased versions of benchmark questions. Using Mistral-7B-Instruct and Qwen2.5-7B-Instruct, we measure the accuracy gap between original and paraphrased items on ARC-Easy and ARC-Challenge. Our pipeline controls decoding, enforces multiple-choice output format, and includes a robust paraphrase-cleaning step to preserve semantics. We find that paraphrasing induces a non-trivial accuracy drop (original vs. paraphrased), consistent with prior concerns about contamination and brittle surface-form shortcuts.
Key facts. Cited by 3 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 7 of its 8 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 8 Oct 2025.
Builds on
7 of 8 references.
References · 7
- 2018Think you have Solved Question Answering? Try ARC, the AI2 Reasoning Challengecited by 4,710
- 2020Extracting Training Data from Large Language Modelscited by 2,144
- 2024Qwen2 Technical Reportcited by 2,076
- 2023Is Your Code Generated by ChatGPT Really Correct? Rigorous Evaluation of Large Language Models for Code Generationcited by 1,332
- 2020Beyond Accuracy: Behavioral Testing of NLP models with CheckListcited by 979
- 2022Deduplicating Training Data Mitigates Privacy Risks in Language Modelscited by 309
- 2024Generalization or Memorization: Data Contamination and Trustworthy Evaluation for Large Language Modelscited by 119
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Citing papers per year: 2026: 3.
3 papers.
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- 2026Contamination Inflates Scores but Rarely Reorders Large Language Model Leaderboardscited by 1
- 2026Contamination Inflates Scores but Rarely Reorders Large Language Model Leaderboards5 Jul 2026
- 2026The Fragility Of Moral Judgment In Large Language Models5 Mar 2026
- 2026Clause-Internal or Clause-External? Testing Turkish Reflexive Binding in Adapted versus Chain of Thought Large Language Models30 Jan 2026