mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

LLMs Show Surface-Form Brittleness Under Paraphrase Stress Tests

arXiv 2510.08616 ↗First posted 8 Oct 2025cs.CLcited by 3

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Abstract (arXiv)

Benchmark scores for Large Language Models (LLMs) can be inflated by memorization of test items or near duplicates. We present a simple, protocol that probes generalization by re-evaluating models on paraphrased versions of benchmark questions. Using Mistral-7B-Instruct and Qwen2.5-7B-Instruct, we measure the accuracy gap between original and paraphrased items on ARC-Easy and ARC-Challenge. Our pipeline controls decoding, enforces multiple-choice output format, and includes a robust paraphrase-cleaning step to preserve semantics. We find that paraphrasing induces a non-trivial accuracy drop (original vs. paraphrased), consistent with prior concerns about contamination and brittle surface-form shortcuts.

Key facts. Cited by 3 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 7 of its 8 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 8 Oct 2025.

Builds on

7 of 8 references.

References · 7

  1. 2018Think you have Solved Question Answering? Try ARC, the AI2 Reasoning Challengecited by 4,710
  2. 2020Extracting Training Data from Large Language Modelscited by 2,144
  3. 2024Qwen2 Technical Reportcited by 2,076
  4. 2023Is Your Code Generated by ChatGPT Really Correct? Rigorous Evaluation of Large Language Models for Code Generationcited by 1,332
  5. 2020Beyond Accuracy: Behavioral Testing of NLP models with CheckListcited by 979
  6. 2022Deduplicating Training Data Mitigates Privacy Risks in Language Modelscited by 309
  7. 2024Generalization or Memorization: Data Contamination and Trustworthy Evaluation for Large Language Modelscited by 119

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Citing papers per year: 2026: 3.

3 papers.