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Architectural Transformations and Emerging Verification Demands in AI-Enabled Cyber-Physical Systems

arXiv 2510.00519 ↗First posted 1 Oct 2025cs.SE cs.AIcited by 0

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Abstract (arXiv)

In the world of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), a captivating real-time fusion occurs where digital technology meets the physical world. This synergy has been significantly transformed by the integration of artificial intelligence (AI), a move that dramatically enhances system adaptability and introduces a layer of complexity that impacts CPS control optimization and reliability. Despite advancements in AI integration, a significant gap remains in understanding how this shift affects CPS architecture, operational complexity, and verification practices. The extended abstract addresses this gap by investigating architectural distinctions between AI-driven and traditional control models designed in Simulink and their respective implications for system verification.

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References · 16

  1. 2017Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithmscited by 14,441
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  3. 2017Output Reachable Set Estimation and Verification for Multi-Layer Neural Networkscited by 79
  4. 2020A Survey of Algorithms for Black-Box Safety Validation of Cyber-Physical Systemscited by 71
  5. 2019JuliaReach: a Toolbox for Set-Based Reachabilitycited by 28
  6. 2017Sample-efficient Actor-Critic Reinforcement Learning with Supervised Data for Dialogue Managementcited by 18
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  8. 2019Approximation-Refinement Testing of Compute-Intensive Cyber-Physical Models: An Approach Based on System Identificationcited by 7
  9. 2021When Cyber-Physical Systems Meet AI: A Benchmark, an Evaluation, and a Way Forwardcited by 5
  10. 2023Mosaic: Model-based Safety Analysis Framework for AI-enabled Cyber-Physical Systemscited by 5
  11. 2023AI-in-the-Loop -- The impact of HMI in AI-based Applicationcited by 4
  12. 2023AutoRepair: Automated Repair for AI-Enabled Cyber-Physical Systems under Safety-Critical Conditionscited by 4
4 more
  1. 2021Combining Genetic Programming and Model Checking to Generate Environment Assumptionscited by 3
  2. 2016Automatically 'Verifying' Discrete-Time Complex Systems through Learning, Abstraction and Refinementcited by 2
  3. 2019Evaluating Model Testing and Model Checking for Finding Requirements Violations in Simulink Modelscited by 2
  4. 2021A Literature Review on Blockchain-enabled Security and Operation of Cyber-Physical Systemscited by 1

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