Comprehend and Talk: Text to Speech Synthesis via Dual Language Modeling
On the map: Speech and audio language models → Vocoders and speech synthesis
Abstract (arXiv)
Existing Large Language Model (LLM) based autoregressive (AR) text-to-speech (TTS) systems, while achieving state-of-the-art quality, still face critical challenges. The foundation of this LLM-based paradigm is the discretization of the continuous speech waveform into a sequence of discrete tokens by neural audio codec. However, single codebook modeling is well suited to text LLMs, but suffers from significant information loss; hierarchical acoustic tokens, typically generated via Residual Vector Quantization (RVQ), often lack explicit semantic structure, placing a heavy learning burden on the model. Furthermore, the autoregressive process is inherently susceptible to error accumulation, which can degrade generation stability. To address these limitations, we propose CaT-TTS, a novel framework for robust and semantically-grounded zero-shot synthesis. First, we introduce S3Codec, a split RVQ codec that injects explicit linguistic features into its primary codebook via semantic distillation from a state-of-the-art ASR model, providing a structured representation that simplifies the learning task. Second, we propose an ``Understand-then-Generate'' dual-Transformer architecture that decouples comprehension from rendering. An initial ``Understanding'' Transformer models the cross-modal relationship between text and the audio's semantic tokens to form a high-level utterance plan. A subsequent ``Generation'' Transformer then executes this plan, autoregressively synthesizing hierarchical acoustic tokens. Finally, to enhance generation stability, we introduce Masked Audio Parallel Inference (MAPI), a nearly parameter-free inference strategy that dynamically guides the decoding process to mitigate local errors.
Key facts. Cited by 1 paper in the map (data through 19 Oct 2026). Placed in Vocoders and speech synthesis, one of 11 directions in Speech and audio language models. Builds on 45 of its 48 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 26 Sep 2025.
Builds on
45 of 48 references.
Closest ancestors · 25
Same direction, newest first
- 2025MBCodec:Thorough disentangle for high-fidelity audio compression21 Sep
- 2025Quantize More, Lose Less: Autoregressive Generation from Residually Quantized Speech Representations16 Jul
- 2025CosyVoice 3: Towards In-the-wild Speech Generation via Scaling-up and Post-training23 May
- 2025ALMTokenizer: A Low-bitrate and Semantic-rich Audio Codec Tokenizer for Audio Language Modeling14 Apr
- 2025Spark-TTS: An Efficient LLM-Based Text-to-Speech Model with Single-Stream Decoupled Speech Tokens3 Mar
- 2025Llasa: Scaling Train-Time and Inference-Time Compute for Llama-based Speech Synthesis6 Feb
- 2024CosyVoice 2: Scalable Streaming Speech Synthesis with Large Language Models13 Dec
- 2024F5-TTS: A Fairytaler that Fakes Fluent and Faithful Speech with Flow Matching9 Oct
- 2024BigCodec: Pushing the Limits of Low-Bitrate Neural Speech Codec9 Sep
- 2024FireRedTTS: A Foundation Text-To-Speech Framework for Industry-Level Generative Speech Applications5 Sep
- 2024MaskGCT: Zero-Shot Text-to-Speech with Masked Generative Codec Transformer1 Sep
- 2024Codec Does Matter: Exploring the Semantic Shortcoming of Codec for Audio Language Model30 Aug
13 more
- 2024Autoregressive Speech Synthesis without Vector Quantization11 Jul
- 2024CosyVoice: A Scalable Multilingual Zero-shot Text-to-speech Synthesizer based on Supervised Semantic Tokens7 Jul
- 2024E2 TTS: Embarrassingly Easy Fully Non-Autoregressive Zero-Shot TTS26 Jun
- 2024VALL-E 2: Neural Codec Language Models are Human Parity Zero-Shot Text to Speech Synthesizers8 Jun
- 2024Seed-TTS: A Family of High-Quality Versatile Speech Generation Models4 Jun
- 2024BASE TTS: Lessons from building a billion-parameter Text-to-Speech model on 100K hours of data12 Feb
- 2023SpeechTokenizer: Unified Speech Tokenizer for Speech Large Language Models31 Aug
- 2023Voicebox: Text-Guided Multilingual Universal Speech Generation at Scale23 Jun
- 2023Better speech synthesis through scaling12 May
- 2023Speak Foreign Languages with Your Own Voice: Cross-Lingual Neural Codec Language Modeling7 Mar
- 2023Speak, Read and Prompt: High-Fidelity Text-to-Speech with Minimal Supervision7 Feb
- 2023Neural Codec Language Models are Zero-Shot Text to Speech Synthesizers5 Jan
- 2021SoundStream: An End-to-End Neural Audio Codec7 Jul
Other references · 20
- 2024The Llama 3 Herd of Modelscited by 15,485
- 2022Classifier-Free Diffusion Guidancecited by 5,991
- 2022Flow Matching for Generative Modelingcited by 5,905
- 2022Robust Speech Recognition via Large-Scale Weak Supervisioncited by 4,661
- 2021HuBERT: Self-Supervised Speech Representation Learning by Masked Prediction of Hidden Unitscited by 2,762
- 2022High Fidelity Neural Audio Compressioncited by 917
- 2025Qwen2.5-Omni Technical Reportcited by 835
- 2024Moshi: a speech-text foundation model for real-time dialoguecited by 711
- 2023Qwen-Audio: Advancing Universal Audio Understanding via Unified Large-Scale Audio-Language Modelscited by 704
- 2023High-Fidelity Audio Compression with Improved RVQGANcited by 619
- 2022UTMOS: UTokyo-SaruLab System for VoiceMOS Challenge 2022cited by 552
- 2023Simple and Controllable Music Generationcited by 540
8 more
- 2022AudioGen: Textually Guided Audio Generationcited by 325
- 2024Mini-Omni: Language Models Can Hear, Talk While Thinking in Streamingcited by 244
- 2017Geometric GANcited by 241
- 2023FunASR: A Fundamental End-to-End Speech Recognition Toolkitcited by 120
- 2020DiDiSpeech: A Large Scale Mandarin Speech Corpuscited by 51
- 2025XY-Tokenizer: Mitigating the Semantic-Acoustic Conflict in Low-Bitrate Speech Codecscited by 37
- 2025Parallel Scaling Law for Language Modelscited by 32
- 2025Speech Discrete Tokens or Continuous Features? A Comparative Analysis for Spoken Language Understanding in SpeechLLMscited by 10
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2026: 1.
1 paper.
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2025CLEAR: Continuous Latent Autoregressive Modeling for High-quality and Low-latency Speech Synthesis
- 2025BridgeCode: A Dual Speech Representation Paradigm for Autoregressive Zero-Shot Text-to-Speech Synthesis
- 2025Pseudo-Autoregressive Neural Codec Language Models for Efficient Zero-Shot Text-to-Speech Synthesis
- 2024CLaM-TTS: Improving Neural Codec Language Model for Zero-Shot Text-to-Speech
- 2024ELLA-V: Stable Neural Codec Language Modeling with Alignment-guided Sequence Reordering
- 2026DELTA-TTS: Adapting Autoregressive Model into Diffusion Language Model for Text-to-Speech
- 2026CuteTTS: Efficient and High-Quality Speech Synthesis via Autoregressive Modeling of Continuous Latents
- 2026TLDR: Compressing Audio Tokens for Efficient Autoregressive Text-to-Speech