Frame Sampling Strategies Matter: A Benchmark for small vision language models
On the map: Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models → Video understanding with MLLMs
Abstract (arXiv)
Comparing vision language models on videos is particularly complex, as the performances is jointly determined by the model's visual representation capacity and the frame-sampling strategy used to construct the input. Current video benchmarks are suspected to suffer from substantial frame-sampling bias, as models are evaluated with different frame selection strategies. In this work, we propose the first frame-accurate benchmark of state-of-the-art small VLMs for video question-answering, evaluated under controlled frame-sampling strategies. Our results confirm the suspected bias and highlight both data-specific and task-specific behaviors of SVLMs under different frame-sampling techniques. By open-sourcing our benchmarking code, we provide the community with a reproducible and unbiased protocol for evaluating video VLMs and emphasize the need for standardized frame-sampling strategies tailored to each benchmarking dataset in future research.
Key facts. Cited by 5 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Video understanding with MLLMs, one of 16 directions in Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models. Builds on 18 of its 21 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 18 Sep 2025.
Builds on
18 of 21 references.
Closest ancestors · 3
Same direction, newest first
- 2025BOLT: Boost Large Vision-Language Model Without Training for Long-form Video Understanding27 Mar
- 2024Video-MME: The First-Ever Comprehensive Evaluation Benchmark of Multi-modal LLMs in Video Analysis31 May
- 2023MVBench: A Comprehensive Multi-modal Video Understanding Benchmark28 Nov
Other references · 15
- 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,456
- 2025Qwen2.5-VL Technical Reportcited by 5,418
- 2014Going Deeper with Convolutionscited by 4,231
- 2023Sigmoid Loss for Language Image Pre-Trainingcited by 3,048
- 2024Qwen2 Technical Reportcited by 2,076
- 2025InternVL3: Exploring Advanced Training and Test-Time Recipes for Open-Source Multimodal Modelscited by 1,769
- 2025SmolLM2: When Smol Goes Big -- Data-Centric Training of a Small Language Modelcited by 307
- 2025SmolVLM: Redefining small and efficient multimodal modelscited by 226
- 2024Ovis: Structural Embedding Alignment for Multimodal Large Language Modelcited by 167
- 2024Frame-Voyager: Learning to Query Frames for Video Large Language Modelscited by 80
- 2024CSTA: CNN-based Spatiotemporal Attention for Video Summarizationcited by 23
- 2016Hierarchical Boundary-Aware Neural Encoder for Video Captioningcited by 20
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2026: 5.
5 papers.
- 2026PEEK: Picking Essential frames via Efficient Knowledge distillationcited by 2
- 2026From Content to Audience: A Multimodal Annotation Framework for Broadcast Television Analyticscited by 0
- 2026MetaphorVU: Towards Metaphorical Video Understandingcited by 0
- 2026Stable Curves, Unstable Items: Item-Level Scaling Heterogeneity in Video LLMscited by 0
- 2026Why Is Video Still So Expensive? A Survey of Inference-Efficiency Mechanisms in Video and Audiovisual LLMscited by 0
- 2026Why Is Video Still So Expensive? A Survey of Inference-Efficiency Mechanisms in Video and Audiovisual LLMs9 Sep 2026
- 2026Stable Curves, Unstable Items: Item-Level Scaling Heterogeneity in Video LLMs7 Aug 2026
- 2026PEEK: Picking Essential frames via Efficient Knowledge distillation29 May 2026
- 2026MetaphorVU: Towards Metaphorical Video Understanding25 May 2026
- 2026From Content to Audience: A Multimodal Annotation Framework for Broadcast Television Analytics24 Mar 2026
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2025FrameOracle: Learning What to See and How Much to See in Videos
- 2025Does Your Vision-Language Model Get Lost in the Long Video Sampling Dilemma?
- 2023Self-Adaptive Sampling for Efficient Video Question-Answering on Image--Text Models
- 2025A.I.R.: Enabling Adaptive, Iterative, and Reasoning-based Frame Selection For Video Question Answering
- 2025VidLBEval: Benchmarking and Mitigating Language Bias in Video-Involved LVLMs
- 2026Frames2LoRA: Parametric Video Internalization for Vision-Language Models
- 2026HORNet: Task-Guided Frame Selection for Video Question Answering with Vision-Language Models
- 2024Lost in Time: A New Temporal Benchmark for VideoLLMs