mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Frame Sampling Strategies Matter: A Benchmark for small vision language models

arXiv 2509.14769 ↗First posted 18 Sep 2025cs.CV cs.CLcited by 5

On the map: Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models → Video understanding with MLLMs

Abstract (arXiv)

Comparing vision language models on videos is particularly complex, as the performances is jointly determined by the model's visual representation capacity and the frame-sampling strategy used to construct the input. Current video benchmarks are suspected to suffer from substantial frame-sampling bias, as models are evaluated with different frame selection strategies. In this work, we propose the first frame-accurate benchmark of state-of-the-art small VLMs for video question-answering, evaluated under controlled frame-sampling strategies. Our results confirm the suspected bias and highlight both data-specific and task-specific behaviors of SVLMs under different frame-sampling techniques. By open-sourcing our benchmarking code, we provide the community with a reproducible and unbiased protocol for evaluating video VLMs and emphasize the need for standardized frame-sampling strategies tailored to each benchmarking dataset in future research.

Key facts. Cited by 5 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Video understanding with MLLMs, one of 16 directions in Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models. Builds on 18 of its 21 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 18 Sep 2025.

Builds on

18 of 21 references.

Closest ancestors · 3

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2025BOLT: Boost Large Vision-Language Model Without Training for Long-form Video Understanding27 Mar
  2. 2024Video-MME: The First-Ever Comprehensive Evaluation Benchmark of Multi-modal LLMs in Video Analysis31 May
  3. 2023MVBench: A Comprehensive Multi-modal Video Understanding Benchmark28 Nov

Other references · 15

  1. 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,456
  2. 2025Qwen2.5-VL Technical Reportcited by 5,418
  3. 2014Going Deeper with Convolutionscited by 4,231
  4. 2023Sigmoid Loss for Language Image Pre-Trainingcited by 3,048
  5. 2024Qwen2 Technical Reportcited by 2,076
  6. 2025InternVL3: Exploring Advanced Training and Test-Time Recipes for Open-Source Multimodal Modelscited by 1,769
  7. 2025SmolLM2: When Smol Goes Big -- Data-Centric Training of a Small Language Modelcited by 307
  8. 2025SmolVLM: Redefining small and efficient multimodal modelscited by 226
  9. 2024Ovis: Structural Embedding Alignment for Multimodal Large Language Modelcited by 167
  10. 2024Frame-Voyager: Learning to Query Frames for Video Large Language Modelscited by 80
  11. 2024CSTA: CNN-based Spatiotemporal Attention for Video Summarizationcited by 23
  12. 2016Hierarchical Boundary-Aware Neural Encoder for Video Captioningcited by 20
3 more
  1. 2025A Survey on Efficient Vision-Language Modelscited by 19
  2. 2025MaxInfo: A Training-Free Key-Frame Selection Method Using Maximum Volume for Enhanced Video Understandingcited by 16
  3. 2025Small Vision-Language Models: A Survey on Compact Architectures and Techniquescited by 4

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2026: 5.

5 papers.

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  1. 2025FrameOracle: Learning What to See and How Much to See in Videos
  2. 2025Does Your Vision-Language Model Get Lost in the Long Video Sampling Dilemma?
  3. 2023Self-Adaptive Sampling for Efficient Video Question-Answering on Image--Text Models
  4. 2025A.I.R.: Enabling Adaptive, Iterative, and Reasoning-based Frame Selection For Video Question Answering
  5. 2025VidLBEval: Benchmarking and Mitigating Language Bias in Video-Involved LVLMs
  6. 2026Frames2LoRA: Parametric Video Internalization for Vision-Language Models
  7. 2026HORNet: Task-Guided Frame Selection for Video Question Answering with Vision-Language Models
  8. 2024Lost in Time: A New Temporal Benchmark for VideoLLMs