mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Rationality Check! Benchmarking the Rationality of Large Language Models

arXiv 2509.14546 ↗First posted 18 Sep 2025cs.AIcited by 2

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Abstract (arXiv)

Large language models (LLMs), a recent advance in deep learning and machine intelligence, have manifested astonishing capacities, now considered among the most promising for artificial general intelligence. With human-like capabilities, LLMs have been used to simulate humans and serve as AI assistants across many applications. As a result, great concern has arisen about whether and under what circumstances LLMs think and behave like real human agents. Rationality is among the most important concepts in assessing human behavior, both in thinking (i.e., theoretical rationality) and in taking action (i.e., practical rationality). In this work, we propose the first benchmark for evaluating the omnibus rationality of LLMs, covering a wide range of domains and LLMs. The benchmark includes an easy-to-use toolkit, extensive experimental results, and analysis that illuminates where LLMs converge and diverge from idealized human rationality. We believe the benchmark can serve as a foundational tool for both developers and users of LLMs.

Key facts. Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 18 of its 100 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 18 Sep 2025.

Builds on

18 of 100 references.

References · 18

  1. 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,971
  2. 2023LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Modelscited by 14,132
  3. 2020Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understandingcited by 7,963
  4. 2021Measuring Mathematical Problem Solving With the MATH Datasetcited by 5,371
  5. 2023A Survey on Large Language Model based Autonomous Agentscited by 2,242
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  7. 2024DeepSeek-V2: A Strong, Economical, and Efficient Mixture-of-Experts Language Modelcited by 1,135
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  9. 2022Out of One, Many: Using Language Models to Simulate Human Samplescited by 752
  10. 2022Using Large Language Models to Simulate Multiple Humans and Replicate Human Subject Studiescited by 515
  11. 2023Trustworthy LLMs: a Survey and Guideline for Evaluating Large Language Models' Alignmentcited by 401
  12. 2022Using cognitive psychology to understand GPT-3cited by 398
6 more
  1. 2023Large Language Models Fail on Trivial Alterations to Theory-of-Mind Taskscited by 292
  2. 2023Ghost in the Minecraft: Generally Capable Agents for Open-World Environments via Large Language Models with Text-based Knowledge and Memorycited by 289
  3. 2023Large Language Models Empowered Agent-based Modeling and Simulation: A Survey and Perspectivescited by 257
  4. 2023Exploring Collaboration Mechanisms for LLM Agents: A Social Psychology Viewcited by 222
  5. 2020Critical Thinking for Language Modelscited by 31
  6. 2023Leveraging Large Language Models for Topic Classification in the Domain of Public Affairscited by 13

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2026: 2.

2 papers.