mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

E-ARMOR: Edge case Assessment and Review of Multilingual Optical Character Recognition

arXiv 2509.03615 ↗First posted 3 Sep 2025cs.CL cs.AIcited by 1

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Abstract (arXiv)

Optical Character Recognition (OCR) in multilingual, noisy, and diverse real-world images remains a significant challenge for optical character recognition systems. With the rise of Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs), there is growing interest in their ability to generalize and reason beyond fixed OCR pipelines. In this work, we introduce Sprinklr-Edge-OCR, a novel OCR system built specifically optimized for edge deployment in resource-constrained environments. We present a large-scale comparative evaluation of five state-of-the-art LVLMs (InternVL, Qwen, GOT OCR, LLaMA, MiniCPM) and two traditional OCR systems (Sprinklr-Edge-OCR, SuryaOCR) on a proprietary, doubly hand annotated dataset of multilingual (54 languages) images. Our benchmark covers a broad range of metrics including accuracy, semantic consistency, language coverage, computational efficiency (latency, memory, GPU usage), and deployment cost. To better reflect real-world applicability, we also conducted edge case deployment analysis, evaluating model performance on CPU only environments. Among the results, Qwen achieved the highest precision (0.54), while Sprinklr-Edge-OCR delivered the best overall F1 score (0.46) and outperformed others in efficiency, processing images 35 faster (0.17 seconds per image on average) and at less than 0.01 of the cost (0.006 USD per 1,000 images) compared to LVLM. Our findings demonstrate that the most optimal OCR systems for edge deployment are the traditional ones even in the era of LLMs due to their low compute requirements, low latency, and very high affordability.

Key facts. Cited by 1 paper in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 24 of its 35 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 3 Sep 2025.

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24 of 35 references.

References · 24

  1. 2020An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scalecited by 30,186
  2. 2023LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Modelscited by 14,132
  3. 2025Qwen3 Technical Reportcited by 8,820
  4. 2023Judging LLM-as-a-Judge with MT-Bench and Chatbot Arenacited by 8,626
  5. 2023Sigmoid Loss for Language Image Pre-Trainingcited by 3,109
  6. 2021SegFormer: Simple and Efficient Design for Semantic Segmentation with Transformerscited by 2,940
  7. 2015Deep Compression: Compressing Deep Neural Networks with Pruning, Trained Quantization and Huffman Codingcited by 2,329
  8. 2023Qwen-VL: A Versatile Vision-Language Model for Understanding, Localization, Text Reading, and Beyondcited by 2,224
  9. 2025InternVL3: Exploring Advanced Training and Test-Time Recipes for Open-Source Multimodal Modelscited by 1,834
  10. 2024MiniCPM-V: A GPT-4V Level MLLM on Your Phonecited by 1,079
  11. 2021OCR-free Document Understanding Transformercited by 407
  12. 2021TrOCR: Transformer-based Optical Character Recognition with Pre-trained Modelscited by 279
12 more
  1. 2021Read Like Humans: Autonomous, Bidirectional and Iterative Language Modeling for Scene Text Recognitioncited by 194
  2. 2024General OCR Theory: Towards OCR-2.0 via a Unified End-to-end Modelcited by 180
  3. 2024OCRBench v2: An Improved Benchmark for Evaluating Large Multimodal Models on Visual Text Localization and Reasoningcited by 173
  4. 2022Scene Text Recognition with Permuted Autoregressive Sequence Modelscited by 149
  5. 2024CC-OCR: A Comprehensive and Challenging OCR Benchmark for Evaluating Large Multimodal Models in Literacycited by 81
  6. 2025SmolDocling: An ultra-compact vision-language model for end-to-end multi-modal document conversioncited by 53
  7. 2021MMOCR: A Comprehensive Toolbox for Text Detection, Recognition and Understandingcited by 40
  8. 2023DocTr: Document Transformer for Structured Information Extraction in Documentscited by 18
  9. 2024Evaluating the Efficacy of Open-Source LLMs in Enterprise-Specific RAG Systems: A Comparative Study of Performance and Scalabilitycited by 15
  10. 2025Benchmarking Vision-Language Models on Optical Character Recognition in Dynamic Video Environmentscited by 10
  11. 2024Bridging the Gap Between End-to-End and Two-Step Text Spottingcited by 9
  12. 2025KnowsLM: A framework for evaluation of small language models for knowledge augmentation and humanised conversationscited by 6

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Citing papers per year: 2025: 1.

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  1. 2026Designing Production-Scale OCR for India: Multilingual and Domain-Specific Systems
  2. 2025PsOCR: Benchmarking Large Multimodal Models for Optical Character Recognition in Low-resource Pashto Language
  3. 2026GlotOCR Bench: OCR Models Still Struggle Beyond a Handful of Unicode Scripts
  4. 2024TAP-VL: Text Layout-Aware Pre-training for Enriched Vision-Language Models
  5. 2026Multilingual OCR-Aware Fine-Tuning and Prompt-Guided Chain-of-Thought Reasoning for Multimodal Large Language Models
  6. 2026LightOnOCR: A 1B End-to-End Multilingual Vision-Language Model for State-of-the-Art OCR
  7. 2025DianJin-OCR-R1: Enhancing OCR Capabilities via a Reasoning-and-Tool Interleaved Vision-Language Model
  8. 2026What Can Low Resource Languages Learn From Each Other?