A.S.E: A Repository-Level Benchmark for Evaluating Security in AI-Generated Code
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Abstract (arXiv)
The increasing adoption of large language models (LLMs) in software engineering necessitates rigorous security evaluation of their generated code. However, existing benchmarks often lack relevance to real-world AI-assisted programming scenarios, making them inadequate for assessing the practical security risks associated with AI-generated code in production environments. To address this gap, we introduce A.S.E (AI Code Generation Security Evaluation), a repository-level evaluation benchmark designed to closely mirror real-world AI programming tasks, offering a comprehensive and reliable framework for assessing the security of AI-generated code. Our evaluation of leading LLMs on A.S.E reveals several key findings. In particular, current LLMs still struggle with secure coding. The complexity in repository-level scenarios presents challenges for LLMs that typically perform well on snippet-level tasks. Moreover, a larger reasoning budget does not necessarily lead to better code generation. These observations offer valuable insights into the current state of AI code generation and help developers identify the most suitable models for practical tasks. They also lay the groundwork for refining LLMs to generate secure and efficient code in real-world applications.
Key facts. Cited by 14 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 28 of its 55 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 25 Aug 2025.
Builds on
28 of 55 references.
References · 28
- 2021Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Codecited by 8,320
- 2025DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learningcited by 6,330
- 2021Program Synthesis with Large Language Modelscited by 3,637
- 2023SWE-bench: Can Language Models Resolve Real-World GitHub Issues?cited by 3,373
- 2024Qwen2.5-Coder Technical Reportcited by 1,203
- 2021Measuring Coding Challenge Competence With APPScited by 902
- 2025GLM-4.5: Agentic, Reasoning, and Coding (ARC) Foundation Modelscited by 467
- 2021Asleep at the Keyboard? Assessing the Security of GitHub Copilot's Code Contributionscited by 431
- 2023RepoBench: Benchmarking Repository-Level Code Auto-Completion Systemscited by 353
- 2023CrossCodeEval: A Diverse and Multilingual Benchmark for Cross-File Code Completioncited by 183
- 2023Large Language Models for Code: Security Hardening and Adversarial Testingcited by 155
- 2023Purple Llama CyberSecEval: A Secure Coding Benchmark for Language Modelscited by 138
16 more
- 2022Lost at C: A User Study on the Security Implications of Large Language Model Code Assistantscited by 91
- 2024StepCoder: Improve Code Generation with Reinforcement Learning from Compiler Feedbackcited by 77
- 2025SEC-bench: Automated Benchmarking of LLM Agents on Real-World Software Security Taskscited by 75
- 2023Understanding the Effectiveness of Large Language Models in Detecting Security Vulnerabilitiescited by 59
- 2025CWEval: Outcome-driven Evaluation on Functionality and Security of LLM Code Generationcited by 59
- 2025FEA-Bench: A Benchmark for Evaluating Repository-Level Code Generation for Feature Implementationcited by 58
- 2023CodeLMSec Benchmark: Systematically Evaluating and Finding Security Vulnerabilities in Black-Box Code Language Modelscited by 55
- 2024Long Code Arena: a Set of Benchmarks for Long-Context Code Modelscited by 50
- 2025BaxBench: Can LLMs Generate Correct and Secure Backends?cited by 41
- 2023SALLM: Security Assessment of Generated Codecited by 39
- 2024Constrained Decoding for Secure Code Generationcited by 37
- 2024Towards Understanding the Characteristics of Code Generation Errors Made by Large Language Modelscited by 30
- 2025Security and Quality in LLM-Generated Code: A Multi-Language, Multi-Model Analysiscited by 19
- 2025SafeGenBench: A Benchmark Framework for Security Vulnerability Detection in LLM-Generated Codecited by 19
- 2024Can Language Models Replace Programmers for Coding? REPOCOD Says 'Not Yet'cited by 7
- 2025Can You Really Trust Code Copilots? Evaluating Large Language Models from a Code Security Perspectivecited by 6
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Citing papers per year: 2025: 6; 2026: 8.
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- 2025Is Vibe Coding Safe? Benchmarking Vulnerability of Agent-Generated Code in Real-World Taskscited by 22
- 2025SecureVibeBench: Benchmarking Secure Vibe Coding of AI Agents via Reconstructing Vulnerability-Introducing Scenarioscited by 13
- 2025MCPZoo: A Large-Scale Dataset of Runnable Model Context Protocol Servers for AI Agentcited by 4
- 2025AI Code in the Wild: Measuring Security Risks and Ecosystem Shifts of AI-Generated Code in Modern Softwarecited by 4
- 2025Is "Knowing It's Malicious Enough?" Evaluating LLMs for Fine-Grained Malware Behavior Auditingcited by 3
- 2025Is Your Prompt Poisoning Code? Defect Induction Rates and Security Mitigation Strategiescited by 3
- 2026SecCodeBench-V2 Technical Reportcited by 1
- 2026TOSSS: a CVE-based Software Security Benchmark for Large Language Modelscited by 1
- 2026Learn from Your Mistakes: Tree-like Self-Play for Secure Code LLMscited by 0
- 2026The Substrate Collapse: AI Code Generation Invalidates Authorship-Based Knowledge Metricscited by 0
- 2026An Empirical Study of Security Calibration in Large Language Models for Codecited by 0
- 2026WeSCE: A Benchmark for Measuring Security Drift in LLM-Driven Code Editingcited by 0
- 2026Last Secure Code Benchmark: Is the Code You Vibe Secure?10 Oct 2026
- 2026Correct Code, Broken Contributions? SWE-CC: Benchmarking Repository Policy Compliance for Coding Agents5 Oct 2026
- 2026WeSCE: A Benchmark for Measuring Security Drift in LLM-Driven Code Editing15 Aug 2026
- 2026An Empirical Study of Security Calibration in Large Language Models for Code30 Jun 2026
- 2026The Substrate Collapse: AI Code Generation Invalidates Authorship-Based Knowledge Metrics18 Jun 2026
- 2026Learn from Your Mistakes: Tree-like Self-Play for Secure Code LLMs2 Jun 2026
- 2026TOSSS: a CVE-based Software Security Benchmark for Large Language Models11 Mar 2026
- 2026SecCodeBench-V2 Technical Report17 Feb 2026
- 2025AI Code in the Wild: Measuring Security Risks and Ecosystem Shifts of AI-Generated Code in Modern Software21 Dec 2025
- 2025MCPZoo: A Large-Scale Dataset of Runnable Model Context Protocol Servers for AI Agent17 Dec 2025
- 2025Is Vibe Coding Safe? Benchmarking Vulnerability of Agent-Generated Code in Real-World Tasks2 Dec 2025
- 2025Is Your Prompt Poisoning Code? Defect Induction Rates and Security Mitigation Strategies27 Oct 2025
- 2025Is Vibe Coding Safe? Benchmarking Vulnerability of Agent-Generated Code in Real-World Taskscited by 22
- 2025SecureVibeBench: Benchmarking Secure Vibe Coding of AI Agents via Reconstructing Vulnerability-Introducing Scenarioscited by 13
- 2025MCPZoo: A Large-Scale Dataset of Runnable Model Context Protocol Servers for AI Agentcited by 4
- 2026Correct Code, Broken Contributions? SWE-CC: Benchmarking Repository Policy Compliance for Coding Agentscited by 0
- 2026Last Secure Code Benchmark: Is the Code You Vibe Secure?cited by 0
- 2026Last Secure Code Benchmark: Is the Code You Vibe Secure?10 Oct 2026
- 2026Correct Code, Broken Contributions? SWE-CC: Benchmarking Repository Policy Compliance for Coding Agents5 Oct 2026
- 2025MCPZoo: A Large-Scale Dataset of Runnable Model Context Protocol Servers for AI Agent17 Dec 2025
- 2025Is Vibe Coding Safe? Benchmarking Vulnerability of Agent-Generated Code in Real-World Tasks2 Dec 2025
- 2025SecureVibeBench: Benchmarking Secure Vibe Coding of AI Agents via Reconstructing Vulnerability-Introducing Scenarios26 Sep 2025
- 2025AI Code in the Wild: Measuring Security Risks and Ecosystem Shifts of AI-Generated Code in Modern Softwarecited by 4
- 2025Is "Knowing It's Malicious Enough?" Evaluating LLMs for Fine-Grained Malware Behavior Auditingcited by 3
- 2025Is Your Prompt Poisoning Code? Defect Induction Rates and Security Mitigation Strategiescited by 3
- 2026SecCodeBench-V2 Technical Reportcited by 1
- 2026TOSSS: a CVE-based Software Security Benchmark for Large Language Modelscited by 1
- 2026The Substrate Collapse: AI Code Generation Invalidates Authorship-Based Knowledge Metricscited by 0
- 2026An Empirical Study of Security Calibration in Large Language Models for Codecited by 0
- 2026WeSCE: A Benchmark for Measuring Security Drift in LLM-Driven Code Editingcited by 0
- 2026WeSCE: A Benchmark for Measuring Security Drift in LLM-Driven Code Editing15 Aug 2026
- 2026An Empirical Study of Security Calibration in Large Language Models for Code30 Jun 2026
- 2026The Substrate Collapse: AI Code Generation Invalidates Authorship-Based Knowledge Metrics18 Jun 2026
- 2026TOSSS: a CVE-based Software Security Benchmark for Large Language Models11 Mar 2026
- 2026SecCodeBench-V2 Technical Report17 Feb 2026
- 2025AI Code in the Wild: Measuring Security Risks and Ecosystem Shifts of AI-Generated Code in Modern Software21 Dec 2025
- 2025Is Your Prompt Poisoning Code? Defect Induction Rates and Security Mitigation Strategies27 Oct 2025
- 2025Is "Knowing It's Malicious Enough?" Evaluating LLMs for Fine-Grained Malware Behavior Auditing17 Sep 2025