mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Can You Trust an LLM with Your Life-Changing Decision? An Investigation into AI High-Stakes Responses

arXiv 2507.21132 ↗First posted 22 Jul 2025cs.AI cs.CY cs.LGcited by 3

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Abstract (arXiv)

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly consulted for high-stakes life advice, yet they lack standard safeguards against providing confident but misguided responses. This creates risks of sycophancy and over-confidence. This paper investigates these failure modes through three experiments: (1) a multiple-choice evaluation to measure model stability against user pressure; (2) a free-response analysis using a novel safety typology and an LLM Judge; and (3) a mechanistic interpretability experiment to steer model behavior by manipulating a "high-stakes" activation vector. Our results show that while some models exhibit sycophancy, others like o4-mini remain robust. Top-performing models achieve high safety scores by frequently asking clarifying questions, a key feature of a safe, inquisitive approach, rather than issuing prescriptive advice. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a model's cautiousness can be directly controlled via activation steering, suggesting a new path for safety alignment. These findings underscore the need for nuanced, multi-faceted benchmarks to ensure LLMs can be trusted with life-changing decisions.

Key facts. Cited by 3 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 0 of its 5 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 22 Jul 2025.

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  1. 2023Can LLMs Express Their Uncertainty? An Empirical Evaluation of Confidence Elicitation in LLMs
  2. 2024Large Language Model Safety: A Holistic Survey
  3. 2025Knowing What You Know Is Not Enough: Large Language Model Confidences Don't Align With Their Actions
  4. 2025A Comprehensive Survey in LLM(-Agent) Full Stack Safety: Data, Training and Deployment
  5. 2025Safer or Luckier? LLMs as Safety Evaluators Are Not Robust to Artifacts
  6. 2023Trustworthy LLMs: a Survey and Guideline for Evaluating Large Language Models' Alignment
  7. 2024Wait, that's not an option: LLMs Robustness with Incorrect Multiple-Choice Options
  8. 2024Confidence Under the Hood: An Investigation into the Confidence-Probability Alignment in Large Language Models