mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Reasoning Beyond the Obvious: Evaluating Divergent and Convergent Thinking in LLMs for Financial Scenarios

arXiv 2507.18368 ↗First posted 24 Jul 2025cs.AIcited by 1

On the map: LLM reasoning → Reasoning for agents, planning and code

Abstract (arXiv)

Most reasoning benchmarks for LLMs emphasize factual accuracy or step-by-step logic. In finance, however, professionals must not only converge on optimal decisions but also generate creative, plausible futures under uncertainty. We introduce ConDiFi, a benchmark that jointly evaluates divergent and convergent thinking in LLMs for financial tasks. ConDiFi features 607 macro-financial prompts for divergent reasoning and 990 multi-hop adversarial MCQs for convergent reasoning. Using this benchmark, we evaluated 14 leading models and uncovered striking differences. Despite high fluency, GPT-4o underperforms on Novelty and Actionability. In contrast, models like DeepSeek-R1 and Cohere Command R+ rank among the top for generating actionable, insights suitable for investment decisions. ConDiFi provides a new perspective to assess reasoning capabilities essential to safe and strategic deployment of LLMs in finance.

Key facts. Cited by 1 paper in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Reasoning for agents, planning and code, one of 17 directions in LLM reasoning. Builds on 15 of its 24 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 24 Jul 2025.

Builds on

15 of 24 references.

Closest ancestors · 2

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2025MastermindEval: A Simple But Scalable Reasoning Benchmark7 Mar
  2. 2023Encouraging Divergent Thinking in Large Language Models through Multi-Agent Debate30 May

Other references · 13

  1. 2020Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understandingcited by 7,963
  2. 2018Think you have Solved Question Answering? Try ARC, the AI2 Reasoning Challengecited by 4,886
  3. 2023GPQA: A Graduate-Level Google-Proof Q&A Benchmarkcited by 2,879
  4. 2022Beyond the Imitation Game: Quantifying and extrapolating the capabilities of language modelscited by 1,998
  5. 2016MS MARCO: A Human Generated MAchine Reading COmprehension Datasetcited by 1,605
  6. 2024GSM-Symbolic: Understanding the Limitations of Mathematical Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 550
  7. 2022Can language models learn from explanations in context?cited by 249
  8. 2025NaturalReasoning: Reasoning in the Wild with 2.8M Challenging Questionscited by 84
  9. 2023ARB: Advanced Reasoning Benchmark for Large Language Modelscited by 60
  10. 2024Benchmarking Language Model Creativity: A Case Study on Code Generationcited by 40
  11. 2024Self-Reflection in LLM Agents: Effects on Problem-Solving Performancecited by 39
  12. 2024Divergent Creativity in Humans and Large Language Modelscited by 31
1 more
  1. 2024Cofca: A Step-Wise Counterfactual Multi-hop QA benchmarkcited by 27

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2026: 1.

1 paper.

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2025Fino1: On the Transferability of Reasoning-Enhanced LLMs and Reinforcement Learning to Finance
  2. 2026Are the Financial Reasoning from LLMs Credible? A Real World Test over Long-Horizon Statements
  3. 2026V-FiLLM: Verified Financial LLM Reasoning Benchmark
  4. 2026The Price of Thought: Does Test-Time Reasoning Pay in LLM Trading?
  5. 2025FinEval-KR: A Financial Domain Evaluation Framework for Large Language Models' Knowledge and Reasoning
  6. 2025XFinBench: Benchmarking LLMs in Complex Financial Problem Solving and Reasoning
  7. 2026QuantEval: A Benchmark for Financial Quantitative Tasks in Large Language Models
  8. 2025Trading-R1: Financial Trading with LLM Reasoning via Reinforcement Learning