Tourist arrival forecasting with game-theoretic social influence weighting and deep learning

In the era of Industry 5.0, data-driven decision-making has become indispensable for planning in service systems such as tourism. This paper proposes a non-linear hybrid approach for forecasting tourist arrivals to Hong Kong from five major source markets before COVID-19 and to Sanya, China, through the COVID-19 shock. The method integrates multiple sources of Internet big data and employs a cooperative game-theoretic algorithm to identify coalitions of opinion leaders on social media, whose content then receives larger weights. The Empirical Wavelet Transform (EWT), applied causally, manages nonstationary attributes, and a Stacked Bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory (Stacked BiLSTM) network tuned by Bayesian optimization generates the forecasts. We prove that the Shapley values of the underlying trust-weighted coverage game have a closed form and that the coalition of maximal synergy can be found exactly in polynomial time. Relative to the same network fed only with past arrivals, Internet big data reduce the one-step-ahead root mean squared error by 4.1-41.7% across the Hong Kong markets and opinion-leader weighting by a further 10.1-49.4%, against 5.3% and 8.7% for Sanya. The approach compares favorably with published benchmarks and remains robust under volatile conditions, which suggests uses in logistics, supply chains and production planning.