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A Tale of Two Systems: Characterizing Architectural Complexity on Machine Learning-Enabled Systems

arXiv 2506.11295 ↗First posted 12 Jun 2025cs.SE cs.AI cs.LGcited by 0

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Abstract (arXiv)

How can the complexity of ML-enabled systems be managed effectively? The goal of this research is to investigate how complexity affects ML-Enabled Systems (MLES). To address this question, this research aims to introduce a metrics-based architectural model to characterize the complexity of MLES. The goal is to support architectural decisions, providing a guideline for the inception and growth of these systems. This paper brings, side-by-side, the architecture representation of two systems that can be used as case studies for creating the metrics-based architectural model: the SPIRA and the Ocean Guard MLES.

Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 6 of its 18 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 12 Jun 2025.

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6 of 18 references.

References · 6

  1. 2020A Software Engineering Perspective on Engineering Machine Learning Systems: State of the Art and Challengescited by 33
  2. 2022Operationalizing Machine Learning: An Interview Studycited by 25
  3. 2023The Product Beyond the Model -- An Empirical Study of Repositories of Open-Source ML Productscited by 10
  4. 2025MLOps with Microservices: A Case Study on the Maritime Domaincited by 2
  5. 2025A Metrics-Oriented Architectural Model to Characterize Complexity on Machine Learning-Enabled Systemscited by 2
  6. 2025Making a Pipeline Production-Ready: Challenges and Lessons Learned in the Healthcare Domaincited by 1

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