A High-Quality Dataset and Reliable Evaluation for Interleaved Image-Text Generation
On the map: Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models → MLLM training and visual instruction tuning
Abstract (arXiv)
Recent advancements in Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) have significantly improved multimodal understanding and generation. However, these models still struggle to generate tightly interleaved image-text outputs, primarily due to the limited scale, quality, and instructional richness of current training datasets. To address this, we introduce InterSyn, a dataset that features: (1) large scale, comprising 1.8M multimodal samples; (2) high quality, supported by our proposed Self-Evaluation with Iterative Refinement (SEIR) method for rigorous automated quality refinement; (3) rich instructional diversity, ensured through diverse well-designed question templates, based on human preferences and covering a 3500-topic hierarchy. These characteristics make InterSyn particularly well-suited for training LMMs in interactive image-text generation capabilities. To evaluate the capabilities, we propose SynJudge, a reliable automatic evaluator that aligns closely with human judge and outputs four interpretable scores: Text Content Completeness (TCC), Image Content Completeness (ICC), Image Quality (IQ), and Image-Text Synergy (ITS). These scores are complementary, covering both content and quality as well as cross-modal interaction, thereby forming a comprehensive evaluation framework. Experimental results on InterSyn subsets of up to 200K samples show that 25K-50K already yield substantial improvements, while scaling to 100K/200K brings further gains in TCC, ICC, and especially ITS, highlighting InterSyn's: (1) scalability, as performance consistently improves with more data; (2) efficiency, as significant gains are achievable even with smaller subsets, making it accessible to researchers with varying computational resources.
Key facts. Cited by 3 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in MLLM training and visual instruction tuning, one of 16 directions in Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models. Builds on 41 of its 77 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 11 Jun 2025.
Builds on
41 of 77 references.
Closest ancestors · 10
Same direction, newest first
- 2025VARGPT: Unified Understanding and Generation in a Visual Autoregressive Multimodal Large Language Model21 Jan
- 2024Expanding Performance Boundaries of Open-Source Multimodal Models with Model, Data, and Test-Time Scaling6 Dec
- 2024MMIE: Massive Multimodal Interleaved Comprehension Benchmark for Large Vision-Language Models14 Oct
- 2024Qwen2-VL: Enhancing Vision-Language Model's Perception of the World at Any Resolution18 Sep
- 2024ANOLE: An Open, Autoregressive, Native Large Multimodal Models for Interleaved Image-Text Generation8 Jul
- 2023InternVL: Scaling up Vision Foundation Models and Aligning for Generic Visual-Linguistic Tasks21 Dec
- 2023ShareGPT4V: Improving Large Multi-Modal Models with Better Captions21 Nov
- 2023MMBench: Is Your Multi-modal Model an All-around Player?12 Jul
- 2023MME: A Comprehensive Evaluation Benchmark for Multimodal Large Language Models23 Jun
- 2023OBELICS: An Open Web-Scale Filtered Dataset of Interleaved Image-Text Documents21 Jun
Other references · 31
- 2023Visual Instruction Tuningcited by 7,792
- 2022Hierarchical Text-Conditional Image Generation with CLIP Latentscited by 6,539
- 2023BLIP-2: Bootstrapping Language-Image Pre-training with Frozen Image Encoders and Large Language Modelscited by 6,069
- 2025Qwen2.5-VL Technical Reportcited by 5,418
- 2022Flamingo: a Visual Language Model for Few-Shot Learningcited by 4,337
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- 2021CLIPScore: A Reference-free Evaluation Metric for Image Captioningcited by 2,388
- 2023MMMU: A Massive Multi-discipline Multimodal Understanding and Reasoning Benchmark for Expert AGIcited by 2,044
- 2024Chameleon: Mixed-Modal Early-Fusion Foundation Modelscited by 904
- 2025Emerging Properties in Unified Multimodal Pretrainingcited by 855
- 2025Janus-Pro: Unified Multimodal Understanding and Generation with Data and Model Scalingcited by 787
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- 2024Show-o: One Single Transformer to Unify Multimodal Understanding and Generationcited by 734
- 2017Towards Automatic Learning of Procedures from Web Instructional Videoscited by 616
- 2024VILA-U: a Unified Foundation Model Integrating Visual Understanding and Generationcited by 290
- 2023Multimodal C4: An Open, Billion-scale Corpus of Images Interleaved with Textcited by 208
- 2016Visual Storytellingcited by 176
- 2023LLMScore: Unveiling the Power of Large Language Models in Text-to-Image Synthesis Evaluationcited by 85
- 2023Intelligent Grimm -- Open-ended Visual Storytelling via Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 76
- 2024Dual Diffusion for Unified Image Generation and Understandingcited by 76
- 2024SEED-Story: Multimodal Long Story Generation with Large Language Modelcited by 70
- 2024Liquid: Language Models are Scalable and Unified Multi-modal Generatorscited by 62
- 2020Artificial Intelligence in the Creative Industries: A Reviewcited by 61
- 2023Revisiting the Role of Language Priors in Vision-Language Modelscited by 50
- 2021Visual Goal-Step Inference using wikiHowcited by 42
- 2023X-IQE: eXplainable Image Quality Evaluation for Text-to-Image Generation with Visual Large Language Modelscited by 28
- 2024Holistic Evaluation for Interleaved Text-and-Image Generationcited by 26
- 2024CoMM: A Coherent Interleaved Image-Text Dataset for Multimodal Understanding and Generationcited by 21
- 2024Interleaved Scene Graphs for Interleaved Text-and-Image Generation Assessmentcited by 21
- 2025VARGPT-v1.1: Improve Visual Autoregressive Large Unified Model via Iterative Instruction Tuning and Reinforcement Learningcited by 21
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Citing papers per year: 2026: 3.
3 papers.
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- 2026DuoGen: Towards General Purpose Interleaved Multimodal Generation
- 2024MM-Instruct: Generated Visual Instructions for Large Multimodal Model Alignment
- 2026Deeply Interleaved Text-Image Contexts for Multimodal LLMs Assessment
- 2024MMGenBench: Fully Automatically Evaluating LMMs from the Text-to-Image Generation Perspective
- 2024OmniCorpus: A Unified Multimodal Corpus of 10 Billion-Level Images Interleaved with Text
- 2024Instruct-Imagen: Image Generation with Multi-modal Instruction