Dark LLMs: The Growing Threat of Unaligned AI Models
On the map: LLM safety and security → Jailbreaking
Abstract (arXiv)
Large Language Models (LLMs) rapidly reshape modern life, advancing fields from healthcare to education and beyond. However, alongside their remarkable capabilities lies a significant threat: the susceptibility of these models to jailbreaking. The fundamental vulnerability of LLMs to jailbreak attacks stems from the very data they learn from. As long as this training data includes unfiltered, problematic, or 'dark' content, the models can inherently learn undesirable patterns or weaknesses that allow users to circumvent their intended safety controls. Our research identifies the growing threat posed by dark LLMs models deliberately designed without ethical guardrails or modified through jailbreak techniques. In our research, we uncovered a universal jailbreak attack that effectively compromises multiple state-of-the-art models, enabling them to answer almost any question and produce harmful outputs upon request. The main idea of our attack was published online over seven months ago. However, many of the tested LLMs were still vulnerable to this attack. Despite our responsible disclosure efforts, responses from major LLM providers were often inadequate, highlighting a concerning gap in industry practices regarding AI safety. As model training becomes more accessible and cheaper, and as open-source LLMs proliferate, the risk of widespread misuse escalates. Without decisive intervention, LLMs may continue democratizing access to dangerous knowledge, posing greater risks than anticipated.
Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Jailbreaking, one of 12 directions in LLM safety and security. Builds on 10 of its 20 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 15 May 2025.
Builds on
10 of 20 references.
Closest ancestors · 5
Same direction, newest first
- 2025Jailbreaking to Jailbreak9 Feb
- 2024What Features in Prompts Jailbreak LLMs? Investigating the Mechanisms Behind Attacks2 Nov
- 2024Jailbreak Attacks and Defenses Against Large Language Models: A Survey5 Jul
- 2024WildTeaming at Scale: From In-the-Wild Jailbreaks to (Adversarially) Safer Language Models26 Jun
- 2024Jailbreaking Leading Safety-Aligned LLMs with Simple Adaptive Attacks2 Apr
Other references · 5
- 2024Rethinking Machine Unlearning for Large Language Modelscited by 257
- 2025LlamaFirewall: An open source guardrail system for building secure AI agentscited by 127
- 2024Granite Guardiancited by 25
- 2024Hire a Linguist!: Learning Endangered Languages with In-Context Linguistic Descriptionscited by 12
- 2023On the Origin of LLMs: An Evolutionary Tree and Graph for 15,821 Large Language Modelscited by 4
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Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2024Jailbreaking and Mitigation of Vulnerabilities in Large Language Models
- 2024Exploring Vulnerabilities and Protections in Large Language Models: A Survey
- 2025Paper Summary Attack: Jailbreaking LLMs through LLM Safety Papers
- 2024Global Challenge for Safe and Secure LLMs Track 1
- 2024A Comprehensive Study of Jailbreak Attack versus Defense for Large Language Models
- 2024Diversity Helps Jailbreak Large Language Models
- 2026SoK: Robustness in Large Language Models against Jailbreak Attacks
- 2025Evolving Security in LLMs: A Study of Jailbreak Attacks and Defenses