mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Efficient LLM Serving on Hybrid Real-time and Best-effort Requests

arXiv 2504.09590 ↗First posted 13 Apr 2025cs.AIcited by 2

On the map: Efficient LLM inference and serving → Serving systems and request scheduling

Abstract (arXiv)

Recent breakthroughs in large Language Models (LLMs) have enabled various generative tasks on a single model. Real-world services (e.g., OpenAI's ChatGPT [27]) powered by an LLM often concurrently support latency-critical requests for interactive applications (e.g., question-answering systems, referred to as real-time or RT requests) and throughput-oriented requests for back-of-house processing (e.g., documents batch processing [28], referred to best-effort or BE requests), with complex hybrid inference workloads to the underlying model. State-of-the-art (SOTA) LLM serving systems dedicate machines to each type of request, towards either low inference latency or high serving throughput, respectively. This practice simplifies request scheduling and management but suffers from poor resource utilization. We propose BROS, a hybrid LLM serving system that aims to collocate RT/BE requests, meeting RT requests' latency requirements while maintaining BE requests' throughput. BROS formulates the problem of hybrid RT/BE request scheduling and solves it with a dynamic priority-based algorithm. BROS designs a bidirectional KV cache management mechanism, allowing RT requests to share KV memory with BE requests to remove the scheduling restrictions caused by insufficient KV memory and improve utilization. Extensive experiments validate that BROS achieves a good trade-off when serving hybrid RT and BE requests. It significantly reduces the latency of RT requests (up to 74.20%), improving their fine-grained service level objectives (SLOs) attainments (up to 36.38x), with negligible throughput reduction for BE requests, showing significant advantages over SOTA systems like vLLM and TGI.

Key facts. Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Serving systems and request scheduling, one of 12 directions in Efficient LLM inference and serving. Builds on 37 of its 55 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 13 Apr 2025.

Builds on

37 of 55 references.

Closest ancestors · 7

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2024NanoFlow: Towards Optimal Large Language Model Serving Throughput22 Aug
  2. 2024Llumnix: Dynamic Scheduling for Large Language Model Serving5 Jun
  3. 2024Taming Throughput-Latency Tradeoff in LLM Inference with Sarathi-Serve4 Mar
  4. 2024LLM-PQ: Serving LLM on Heterogeneous Clusters with Phase-Aware Partition and Adaptive Quantization2 Mar
  5. 2024BurstGPT: A Real-world Workload Dataset to Optimize LLM Serving Systems31 Jan
  6. 2024DistServe: Disaggregating Prefill and Decoding for Goodput-optimized Large Language Model Serving18 Jan
  7. 2023Fast Distributed Inference Serving for Large Language Models10 May

Other references · 30

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  3. 2019PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Librarycited by 20,305
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  6. 2024The Llama 3 Herd of Modelscited by 14,715
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  9. 2023Efficient Memory Management for Large Language Model Serving with PagedAttentioncited by 5,944
  10. 2021Finetuned Language Models Are Zero-Shot Learnerscited by 3,780
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18 more
  1. 2024Gemini 1.5: Unlocking multimodal understanding across millions of tokens of contextcited by 3,224
  2. 2019Megatron-LM: Training Multi-Billion Parameter Language Models Using Model Parallelismcited by 1,868
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  10. 2025FlashInfer: Efficient and Customizable Attention Engine for LLM Inference Servingcited by 258
  11. 2023DeepSpeed Ulysses: System Optimizations for Enabling Training of Extreme Long Sequence Transformer Modelscited by 245
  12. 2022Can Foundation Models Wrangle Your Data?cited by 175
  13. 2024DynamoLLM: Designing LLM Inference Clusters for Performance and Energy Efficiencycited by 112
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  16. 2017TensorFlow-Serving: Flexible, High-Performance ML Servingcited by 85
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  18. 2024BlendServe: Optimizing Offline Inference for Auto-regressive Large Models with Resource-aware Batchingcited by 19

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2026: 2.

2 papers.

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Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2024Efficient LLM Scheduling by Learning to Rank
  2. 2025Apt-Serve: Adaptive Request Scheduling on Hybrid Cache for Scalable LLM Inference Serving
  3. 2026Cascade: Exploiting SLO-Aware latency budget for fair and high goodput LLM inference serving
  4. 2025Optimal Scheduling Algorithms for LLM Inference: Theory and Practice
  5. 2024ScaleLLM: A Resource-Frugal LLM Serving Framework by Optimizing End-to-End Efficiency
  6. 2025Ranking Before Serving: Low-Latency LLM Serving via Pairwise Learning-to-Rank
  7. 2024No Request Left Behind: Tackling Heterogeneity in Long-Context LLM Inference with Medha
  8. 2024Fast Inference for Augmented Large Language Models