Deep Contrastive Unlearning for Language Models
On the map: LLM safety and security → Machine unlearning
Abstract (arXiv)
The past a few years have witnessed the great success of large language models, demonstrating powerful capabilities in comprehending textual data and generating human-like languages. Large language models achieve success by being trained on vast amounts of textual data, including online sources with copyrighted content and user-generated knowledge. However, this comes at a cost: the potential risk of exposing users' privacy and violating copyright protections. Thus, to safeguard individuals' "right to be forgotten", there has been increasing interests in machine unlearning -- the process of removing information carried by particular training samples from a model while not deteriorating its predictive quality. This is a challenging task due to the black-box nature of language models. Most existing studies focus on mitigating the impact of those forgot samples upon a model's outputs, and do not explicitly consider the geometric distributions of samples in the latent space of a model. To address this issue, we propose a machine unlearning framework, named Deep Contrastive Unlearning for fine-Tuning (DeepCUT) language models. Our proposed model achieves machine unlearning by directly optimizing the latent space of a model. Comprehensive experiments on real-world datasets demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of DeepCUT with consistent and significant improvement over baseline methods.
Key facts. Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Machine unlearning, one of 12 directions in LLM safety and security. Builds on 39 of its 51 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 19 Mar 2025.
Builds on
39 of 51 references.
Closest ancestors · 15
Same direction, newest first
- 2024A Review on Machine Unlearning18 Nov
- 2024Machine Unlearning: A Comprehensive Survey13 May
- 2024Is Retain Set All You Need in Machine Unlearning? Restoring Performance of Unlearned Models with Out-Of-Distribution Images19 Apr
- 2024LMEraser: Large Model Unlearning through Adaptive Prompt Tuning17 Apr
- 2024Rethinking Machine Unlearning for Large Language Models13 Feb
- 2024TOFU: A Task of Fictitious Unlearning for LLMs11 Jan
- 2023Who's Harry Potter? Approximate Unlearning in LLMs3 Oct
- 2023Machine Unlearning: Solutions and Challenges14 Aug
- 2023KGA: A General Machine Unlearning Framework Based on Knowledge Gap Alignment11 May
- 2023Towards Unbounded Machine Unlearning20 Feb
- 2022Privacy Adhering Machine Un-learning in NLP19 Dec
- 2022Can Bad Teaching Induce Forgetting? Unlearning in Deep Networks using an Incompetent Teacher17 May
3 more
Other references · 24
- 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 60,361
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,399
- 2019RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approachcited by 13,372
- 2020A Simple Framework for Contrastive Learning of Visual Representationscited by 12,049
- 2020Supervised Contrastive Learningcited by 2,829
- 2020Extracting Training Data from Large Language Modelscited by 2,189
- 2021SimCSE: Simple Contrastive Learning of Sentence Embeddingscited by 2,173
- 2019BioBERT: a pre-trained biomedical language representation model for biomedical text miningcited by 1,947
- 2019Contrastive Multiview Codingcited by 1,301
- 2023A Survey on Evaluation of Large Language Modelscited by 1,242
- 2019Machine Unlearningcited by 1,061
- 2020Domain-Specific Language Model Pretraining for Biomedical Natural Language Processingcited by 1,009
12 more
- 2019Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Net: Selective Forgetting in Deep Networkscited by 618
- 2019Certified Data Removal from Machine Learning Modelscited by 535
- 2019ClinicalBERT: Modeling Clinical Notes and Predicting Hospital Readmissioncited by 493
- 2023Multi-step Jailbreaking Privacy Attacks on ChatGPTcited by 333
- 2020Supervised Contrastive Learning for Pre-trained Language Model Fine-tuningcited by 276
- 2020Approximate Data Deletion from Machine Learning Modelscited by 255
- 2020Mixed-Privacy Forgetting in Deep Networkscited by 163
- 2022Federated Unlearning with Knowledge Distillationcited by 73
- 2021Memorization vs. Generalization: Quantifying Data Leakage in NLP Performance Evaluationcited by 70
- 2024Continual Forgetting for Pre-trained Vision Modelscited by 29
- 2022Beyond Just Vision: A Review on Self-Supervised Representation Learning on Multimodal and Temporal Datacited by 27
- 2024Machine Unlearning for Recommendation Systems: An Insightcited by 9
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2025: 3; 2026: 1.
4 papers.
- 2026Mitigating Privacy Risk via Forget Set-Free Unlearningcited by 2
- 2025Learning-Time Encoding Shapes Unlearning in LLMscited by 1
- 2025Recover-to-Forget: Gradient Reconstruction from LoRA for Efficient LLM Unlearningcited by 1
- 2025Rotation Control Unlearning: Quantifying and Controlling Continuous Unlearning for LLM with The Cognitive Rotation Spacecited by 0
- 2026Mitigating Privacy Risk via Forget Set-Free Unlearning12 Apr 2026
- 2025Recover-to-Forget: Gradient Reconstruction from LoRA for Efficient LLM Unlearning8 Dec 2025
- 2025Rotation Control Unlearning: Quantifying and Controlling Continuous Unlearning for LLM with The Cognitive Rotation Space30 Sep 2025
- 2025Learning-Time Encoding Shapes Unlearning in LLMs18 Jun 2025
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2024Learn while Unlearn: An Iterative Unlearning Framework for Generative Language Models
- 2024Catastrophic Failure of LLM Unlearning via Quantization
- 2024The Frontier of Data Erasure: Machine Unlearning for Large Language Models
- 2025Not Every Token Needs Forgetting: Selective Unlearning to Limit Change in Utility in Large Language Model Unlearning
- 2026Unlearning in LLMs: Methods, Evaluation, and Open Challenges
- 2024Machine Unlearning for Traditional Models and Large Language Models: A Short Survey
- 2024A Closer Look at Machine Unlearning for Large Language Models
- 2024To Forget or Not? Towards Practical Knowledge Unlearning for Large Language Models