LLMs' Leaning in European Elections
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Abstract (arXiv)
Many studies suggest that LLMs have left wing leans. The article extends previous analysis of US presidential elections considering several virtual elections in multiple European countries. The analysis considers multiple LLMs and the results confirm the extent of the leaning. Furthermore, the results show that the leaning is not uniform between countries. Sometimes, models refuse to take a position in the virtual elections, but the refusal rate itself is not uniform between countries.
Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 7 of its 20 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 16 Mar 2025.
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References · 7
- 2024GPT-4o System Cardcited by 4,467
- 2023Whose Opinions Do Language Models Reflect?cited by 759
- 2023The political ideology of conversational AI: Converging evidence on ChatGPT's pro-environmental, left-libertarian orientationcited by 183
- 2023Fundamental Limitations of Alignment in Large Language Modelscited by 152
- 2024The Political Preferences of LLMscited by 83
- 2024Hidden Persuaders: LLMs' Political Leaning and Their Influence on Voterscited by 71
- 2025Utility Engineering: Analyzing and Controlling Emergent Value Systems in AIscited by 63
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