Verdict: A Library for Scaling Judge-Time Compute
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Abstract (arXiv)
The use of LLMs as automated judges ("LLM-as-a-judge") is now widespread, yet standard judges suffer from a multitude of reliability issues. To address these challenges, we introduce Verdict, an open-source library for scaling judge-time compute to enhance the accuracy, reliability, and interpretability of automated evaluators. Verdict leverages the composition of modular reasoning units (such as verification, debate, and aggregation) and increased inference-time compute to improve LLM judge quality. Across a variety of challenging tasks such as content moderation, fact-checking, and hallucination detection, Verdict judges achieves performance competitive with orders-of-magnitude larger fine-tuned judges, prompted judges, and reasoning models. Our framework establishes a foundation for scalable, interpretable, and reliable LLM-based evaluation systems for both researchers and practitioners.
Key facts. Cited by 7 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 21 of its 25 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 25 Feb 2025.
Builds on
21 of 25 references.
References · 21
- 2023Judging LLM-as-a-Judge with MT-Bench and Chatbot Arenacited by 8,626
- 2023G-Eval: NLG Evaluation using GPT-4 with Better Human Alignmentcited by 2,276
- 2023Large Language Models are not Fair Evaluatorscited by 1,085
- 2023ChatEval: Towards Better LLM-based Evaluators through Multi-Agent Debatecited by 742
- 2023Prometheus: Inducing Fine-grained Evaluation Capability in Language Modelscited by 575
- 2024Generative Verifiers: Reward Modeling as Next-Token Predictioncited by 480
- 2024Prometheus 2: An Open Source Language Model Specialized in Evaluating Other Language Modelscited by 446
- 2023JudgeLM: Fine-tuned Large Language Models are Scalable Judgescited by 367
- 2024Replacing Judges with Juries: Evaluating LLM Generations with a Panel of Diverse Modelscited by 326
- 2024Debating with More Persuasive LLMs Leads to More Truthful Answerscited by 266
- 2024MiniCheck: Efficient Fact-Checking of LLMs on Grounding Documentscited by 257
- 2024Judging the Judges: Evaluating Alignment and Vulnerabilities in LLMs-as-Judgescited by 205
9 more
- 2023Benchmarking Foundation Models with Language-Model-as-an-Examinercited by 172
- 2024Who Validates the Validators? Aligning LLM-Assisted Evaluation of LLM Outputs with Human Preferencescited by 144
- 2023PRD: Peer Rank and Discussion Improve Large Language Model based Evaluationscited by 114
- 2024Critique-out-Loud Reward Modelscited by 106
- 2023LLM-Eval: Unified Multi-Dimensional Automatic Evaluation for Open-Domain Conversations with Large Language Modelscited by 101
- 2024On scalable oversight with weak LLMs judging strong LLMscited by 99
- 2023Debate Helps Supervise Unreliable Expertscited by 43
- 2024PRE: A Peer Review Based Large Language Model Evaluatorcited by 28
- 2024Halu-J: Critique-Based Hallucination Judgecited by 14
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2025: 5; 2026: 2.
7 papers.
- 2025Process Reward Models That Thinkcited by 118
- 2025Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedbackcited by 58
- 2025Scaling Evaluation-time Compute with Reasoning Models as Evaluatorscited by 13
- 2025Good Learners Think Their Thinking: Generative PRM Makes Large Reasoning Model More Efficient Math Learnercited by 11
- 2026When to Trust the Cheap Check: Weak and Strong Verification for Reasoningcited by 7
- 2026Do We Need Frontier Models to Verify Mathematical Proofs?cited by 3
- 2025Learned Structure in Cartridges: Keys as Shareable Routers in Self-Studied Representationscited by 2
- 2026Do We Need Frontier Models to Verify Mathematical Proofs?2 Apr 2026
- 2026When to Trust the Cheap Check: Weak and Strong Verification for Reasoning19 Feb 2026
- 2025Learned Structure in Cartridges: Keys as Shareable Routers in Self-Studied Representations23 Aug 2025
- 2025Good Learners Think Their Thinking: Generative PRM Makes Large Reasoning Model More Efficient Math Learner31 Jul 2025
- 2025Process Reward Models That Think23 Apr 2025
- 2025Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback16 Apr 2025
- 2025Scaling Evaluation-time Compute with Reasoning Models as Evaluators25 Mar 2025
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2025Evaluating Judges as Evaluators: The JETTS Benchmark of LLM-as-Judges as Test-Time Scaling Evaluators
- 2024JudgeBench: A Benchmark for Evaluating LLM-based Judges
- 2026Codifying the Judge: Scalable Evaluation via Program Distillation
- 2025Who Judges the Judge? LLM Jury-on-Demand: Building Trustworthy LLM Evaluation Systems
- 2026All Verdicts are Not Equal: Rethinking LLM Judge Reliability
- 2026Reasoning Model Is Superior LLM-Judge, Yet Suffers from Biases
- 2026JudgeStealer: Extracting LLM Judging Capabilities across Evaluation Protocols
- 2024From Calculation to Adjudication: Examining LLM judges on Mathematical Reasoning Tasks