Exploring Sentiment Manipulation by LLM-Enabled Intelligent Trading Agents
On the map: LLM agents and tool use → Financial trading and forecasting agents
Abstract (arXiv)
Companies across all economic sectors continue to deploy large language models at a rapid pace. Reinforcement learning is experiencing a resurgence of interest due to its association with the fine-tuning of language models from human feedback. Tool-chain language models control task-specific agents; if the converse has not already appeared, it soon will. In this paper, we present what we believe is the first investigation of an intelligent trading agent based on continuous deep reinforcement learning that also controls a large language model with which it can post to a social media feed observed by other traders. We empirically investigate the performance and impact of such an agent in a simulated financial market, finding that it learns to optimize its total reward, and thereby augment its profit, by manipulating the sentiment of the posts it produces. The paper concludes with discussion, limitations, and suggestions for future work.
Key facts. Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Financial trading and forecasting agents, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use. Builds on 3 of its 14 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 22 Feb 2025.
Builds on
3 of 14 references.
References · 3
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
- 2019RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approachcited by 13,266
- 2015Continuous control with deep reinforcement learningcited by 3,279
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2026: 2.
2 papers.
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2025News-Aware Direct Reinforcement Trading for Financial Markets
- 2025FLAG-Trader: Fusion LLM-Agent with Gradient-based Reinforcement Learning for Financial Trading
- 2025Language Model Guided Reinforcement Learning in Quantitative Trading
- 2026FinSMART: Financial Sentiment Analysis for Algorithmic Trading through Market-Aligned Reinforcement Learning
- 2024Large Language Model Agent in Financial Trading: A Survey
- 2026FinEvolveBench: A Benchmark for Self-Evolving Agents on Low-Repetition Tasks with Implicit Rewards
- 2025Agent Trading Arena: A Study on Numerical Understanding in LLM-Based Agents
- 2025MountainLion: A Multi-Modal LLM-Based Agent System for Interpretable and Adaptive Financial Trading