Comprehensive Layer-wise Analysis of SSL Models for Audio Deepfake Detection
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Abstract (arXiv)
This paper conducts a comprehensive layer-wise analysis of self-supervised learning (SSL) models for audio deepfake detection across diverse contexts, including multilingual datasets (English, Chinese, Spanish), partial, song, and scene-based deepfake scenarios. By systematically evaluating the contributions of different transformer layers, we uncover critical insights into model behavior and performance. Our findings reveal that lower layers consistently provide the most discriminative features, while higher layers capture less relevant information. Notably, all models achieve competitive equal error rate (EER) scores even when employing a reduced number of layers. This indicates that we can reduce computational costs and increase the inference speed of detecting deepfakes by utilizing only a few lower layers. This work enhances our understanding of SSL models in deepfake detection, offering valuable insights applicable across varied linguistic and contextual settings. Our trained models and code are publicly available: https://github.com/Yaselley/SSL_Layerwise_Deepfake.
Key facts. Cited by 12 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 5 Feb 2025.
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Citing papers per year: 2025: 5; 2026: 7.
12 papers.
- 2025Detect All-Type Deepfake Audio: Wavelet Prompt Tuning for Enhanced Auditory Perceptioncited by 7
- 2026Interpretable All-Type Audio Deepfake Detection with Audio LLMs via Frequency-Time Reinforcement Learningcited by 5
- 2026Do Compact SSL Backbones Matter for Audio Deepfake Detection? A Controlled Study with RAPTORcited by 4
- 2025Multi-level SSL Feature Gating for Audio Deepfake Detectioncited by 3
- 2025Improving Out-of-Domain Audio Deepfake Detection via Layer Selection and Fusion of SSL-Based Countermeasurescited by 3
- 2026AT-ADD: All-Type Audio Deepfake Detection Challenge Evaluation Plancited by 3
- 2025Curved Worlds, Clear Boundaries: Generalizing Speech Deepfake Detection using Hyperbolic and Spherical Geometry Spacescited by 1
- 2025Investigating self-supervised representations for audio-visual deepfake detectioncited by 1
- 2026Half-Truth Audio Detection and Localisation: A Lightweight Cross-Attentive Architecture and a Cross-Corpus Diagnostic Studycited by 0
- 2026Fast Speech Foundation Model Distillation Using Interleaved Stackingcited by 0
- 2026Tracing Decoder Artifacts for Compact Synthetic Speech Screeningcited by 0
- 2026GLAD: Global-Local Adaptive Detector for Robust Speech Deepfake Detectioncited by 0
- 2026GLAD: Global-Local Adaptive Detector for Robust Speech Deepfake Detection28 Sep 2026
- 2026Tracing Decoder Artifacts for Compact Synthetic Speech Screening25 Sep 2026
- 2026Fast Speech Foundation Model Distillation Using Interleaved Stacking10 Jun 2026
- 2026Half-Truth Audio Detection and Localisation: A Lightweight Cross-Attentive Architecture and a Cross-Corpus Diagnostic Study28 May 2026
- 2026AT-ADD: All-Type Audio Deepfake Detection Challenge Evaluation Plan9 Apr 2026
- 2026Do Compact SSL Backbones Matter for Audio Deepfake Detection? A Controlled Study with RAPTOR6 Mar 2026
- 2026Interpretable All-Type Audio Deepfake Detection with Audio LLMs via Frequency-Time Reinforcement Learning6 Jan 2026
- 2025Investigating self-supervised representations for audio-visual deepfake detection21 Nov 2025
- 2025Curved Worlds, Clear Boundaries: Generalizing Speech Deepfake Detection using Hyperbolic and Spherical Geometry Spaces13 Nov 2025
- 2025Improving Out-of-Domain Audio Deepfake Detection via Layer Selection and Fusion of SSL-Based Countermeasures15 Sep 2025
- 2025Multi-level SSL Feature Gating for Audio Deepfake Detection3 Sep 2025
- 2025Detect All-Type Deepfake Audio: Wavelet Prompt Tuning for Enhanced Auditory Perception9 Apr 2025