Bootstrap Your Own Context Length
On the map: Synthetic data and self-improvement for LLMs → Code and instruction data synthesis
Abstract (arXiv)
We introduce a bootstrapping approach to train long-context language models by exploiting their short-context capabilities only. Our method utilizes a simple agent workflow to synthesize diverse long-context instruction tuning data, thereby eliminating the necessity for manual data collection and annotation. The proposed data synthesis workflow requires only a short-context language model, a text retriever, and a document collection, all of which are readily accessible within the open-source ecosystem. Subsequently, language models are fine-tuned using the synthesized data to extend their context lengths. In this manner, we effectively transfer the short-context capabilities of language models to long-context scenarios through a bootstrapping process. We conduct experiments with the open-source Llama-3 family of models and demonstrate that our method can successfully extend the context length to up to 1M tokens, achieving superior performance across various benchmarks.
Key facts. Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Code and instruction data synthesis, one of 13 directions in Synthetic data and self-improvement for LLMs. Builds on 39 of its 44 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 25 Dec 2024.
Builds on
39 of 44 references.
References · 39
- 2024The Llama 3 Herd of Modelscited by 14,192
- 2023LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Modelscited by 13,958
- 2020Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP Taskscited by 9,160
- 2023Efficient Memory Management for Large Language Model Serving with PagedAttentioncited by 5,767
- 2021RoFormer: Enhanced Transformer with Rotary Position Embeddingcited by 4,581
- 2024GPT-4o System Cardcited by 4,467
- 2020Dense Passage Retrieval for Open-Domain Question Answeringcited by 3,779
- 2023Generative Agents: Interactive Simulacra of Human Behaviorcited by 3,500
- 2023Lost in the Middle: How Language Models Use Long Contextscited by 3,383
- 2023FlashAttention-2: Faster Attention with Better Parallelism and Work Partitioningcited by 2,551
- 2024Phi-3 Technical Report: A Highly Capable Language Model Locally on Your Phonecited by 1,883
- 2022Challenging BIG-Bench Tasks and Whether Chain-of-Thought Can Solve Themcited by 1,767
27 more
- 2024MMLU-Pro: A More Robust and Challenging Multi-Task Language Understanding Benchmarkcited by 1,758
- 2023LongBench: A Bilingual, Multitask Benchmark for Long Context Understandingcited by 1,378
- 2024RULER: What's the Real Context Size of Your Long-Context Language Models?cited by 1,270
- 2023Instruction-Following Evaluation for Large Language Modelscited by 1,143
- 2024The FineWeb Datasets: Decanting the Web for the Finest Text Data at Scalecited by 1,104
- 2024Tulu 3: Pushing Frontiers in Open Language Model Post-Trainingcited by 988
- 2023Extending Context Window of Large Language Models via Positional Interpolationcited by 721
- 2023YaRN: Efficient Context Window Extension of Large Language Modelscited by 584
- 2023Ring Attention with Blockwise Transformers for Near-Infinite Contextcited by 448
- 2024Scaling Synthetic Data Creation with 1,000,000,000 Personascited by 397
- 2024MInference 1.0: Accelerating Pre-filling for Long-Context LLMs via Dynamic Sparse Attentioncited by 375
- 2024∞Bench: Extending Long Context Evaluation Beyond 100K Tokenscited by 360
- 2023Effective Long-Context Scaling of Foundation Modelscited by 301
- 2023Improving Text Embeddings with Large Language Modelscited by 295
- 2023Camels in a Changing Climate: Enhancing LM Adaptation with Tulu 2cited by 227
- 2023LongNet: Scaling Transformers to 1,000,000,000 Tokenscited by 201
- 2023MuSR: Testing the Limits of Chain-of-thought with Multistep Soft Reasoningcited by 195
- 2024Data Engineering for Scaling Language Models to 128K Contextcited by 183
- 2023ZeroSCROLLS: A Zero-Shot Benchmark for Long Text Understandingcited by 175
- 2023Self-Alignment with Instruction Backtranslationcited by 149
- 2024How to Train Long-Context Language Models (Effectively)cited by 141
- 2024You Only Cache Once: Decoder-Decoder Architectures for Language Modelscited by 135
- 2024Make Your LLM Fully Utilize the Contextcited by 118
- 2024RetrievalAttention: Accelerating Long-Context LLM Inference via Vector Retrievalcited by 114
- 2024LongRAG: Enhancing Retrieval-Augmented Generation with Long-context LLMscited by 104
- 2024Can Long-Context Language Models Subsume Retrieval, RAG, SQL, and More?cited by 53
- 2024Quest: Query-centric Data Synthesis Approach for Long-context Scaling of Large Language Modelcited by 15
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2025: 4.
4 papers.
- 2025LongAttn: Selecting Long-context Training Data via Token-level Attentioncited by 9
- 2025When Does Divide and Conquer Work for Long Context LLM? A Noise Decomposition Frameworkcited by 8
- 2025LongMagpie: A Self-synthesis Method for Generating Large-scale Long-context Instructionscited by 6
- 2025CLT and Edgeworth Expansion for m-out-of-n Bootstrap Estimators of The Studentized Mediancited by 2
- 2025When Does Divide and Conquer Work for Long Context LLM? A Noise Decomposition Framework19 Jun 2025
- 2025LongMagpie: A Self-synthesis Method for Generating Large-scale Long-context Instructions22 May 2025
- 2025CLT and Edgeworth Expansion for m-out-of-n Bootstrap Estimators of The Studentized Median16 May 2025
- 2025LongAttn: Selecting Long-context Training Data via Token-level Attention24 Feb 2025
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- 2025Generalizing From Short to Long: Effective Data Synthesis for Long-Context Instruction Tuning
- 2026Trained Agentic Context Management
- 2025Scaling Instruction-Tuned LLMs to Million-Token Contexts via Hierarchical Synthetic Data Generation
- 2024ACER: Automatic Language Model Context Extension via Retrieval
- 2025From 128K to 4M: Efficient Training of Ultra-Long Context Large Language Models
- 2026OctoLong: Mid-Training On Cross-Repository Code Contexts Enhances Long-Context Modeling
- 2025Semantic Soft Bootstrapping: Long Context Reasoning in LLMs without Reinforcement Learning
- 2025Long-Short Alignment for Effective Long-Context Modeling in LLMs