Large Language Models as Mirrors of Societal Moral Standards
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
Prior research has demonstrated that language models can, to a limited extent, represent moral norms in a variety of cultural contexts. This research aims to replicate these findings and further explore their validity, concentrating on issues like 'homosexuality' and 'divorce'. This study evaluates the effectiveness of these models using information from two surveys, the WVS and the PEW, that encompass moral perspectives from over 40 countries. The results show that biases exist in both monolingual and multilingual models, and they typically fall short of accurately capturing the moral intricacies of diverse cultures. However, the BLOOM model shows the best performance, exhibiting some positive correlations, but still does not achieve a comprehensive moral understanding. This research underscores the limitations of current PLMs in processing cross-cultural differences in values and highlights the importance of developing culturally aware AI systems that better align with universal human values.
Key facts. Cited by 5 papers in the map (data through 13 Oct 2026). Builds on 9 of its 15 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 1 Dec 2024.
Builds on
9 of 15 references.
References · 9
- 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 60,106
- 2022BLOOM: A 176B-Parameter Open-Access Multilingual Language Modelcited by 1,978
- 2016Man is to Computer Programmer as Woman is to Homemaker? Debiasing Word Embeddingscited by 1,309
- 2020StereoSet: Measuring stereotypical bias in pretrained language modelscited by 918
- 2022Probing Pre-Trained Language Models for Cross-Cultural Differences in Valuescited by 147
- 2021A Survey on Gender Bias in Natural Language Processingcited by 89
- 2021Unmasking the Mask -- Evaluating Social Biases in Masked Language Modelscited by 60
- 2022Do Multilingual Language Models Capture Differing Moral Norms?cited by 15
- 2019Masked Language Model Scoringcited by 4
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2025: 3; 2026: 2.
5 papers.
- 2025Break the Checkbox: Challenging Closed-Style Evaluations of Cultural Alignment in LLMscited by 26
- 2025Exploring Cultural Variations in Moral Judgments with Large Language Modelscited by 3
- 2025EVALUESTEER: Measuring Reward Model Steerability Towards Values and Preferencescited by 3
- 2026Untangling Input Language from Reasoning Language: A Diagnostic Framework for Cross-Lingual Moral Alignment in LLMscited by 1
- 2026Moral Safety in LLMs: Exposing Performative Compliance with Puzzled Cuescited by 0
- 2026Moral Safety in LLMs: Exposing Performative Compliance with Puzzled Cues30 Jun 2026
- 2026Untangling Input Language from Reasoning Language: A Diagnostic Framework for Cross-Lingual Moral Alignment in LLMs15 Jan 2026
- 2025EVALUESTEER: Measuring Reward Model Steerability Towards Values and Preferences7 Oct 2025
- 2025Exploring Cultural Variations in Moral Judgments with Large Language Models14 Jun 2025
- 2025Break the Checkbox: Challenging Closed-Style Evaluations of Cultural Alignment in LLMs12 Feb 2025